tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5040289294431365222024-03-12T17:11:41.795-07:00Directo Blogjpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.comBlogger322125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-56714580501350811822020-03-10T14:53:00.000-07:002020-03-10T14:55:34.371-07:00LA REVOLUCIÓN CIVIL DE 1948-COSTA RICA UNA VISIÓN PERSONALLA REVOLUCIÓN CIVIL DE 1948-COSTA RICA<br />
<br />
UNA VISIÓN PERSONAL<br />
<br />
Este es un intento de explicar-desde mi punto de vista, experiencia de vida , andanzas políticas<br />
,amplias lecturas e intercambios personales - lo sucedido en la llamada Revolución Civil que afecta<br />
a Costa Rica en 1948 .<br />
Trato de derribar mitos, demostrar falsedades y ofrecer otros puntos de vista que si bien han sido<br />
explorados por los especialistas no se conocen-mucho menos se enseñan en el país, haciendo que<br />
perduren-innecesariamente -muchas mentiras y fantasías.<br />
Para intentar este periplo he empleado mi vida entera desde que el 11 de abril de 1948 pierdo a mi<br />
padre en esa confrontación político-ideológica.<br />
Complemento esta descodificación histórica con las historias de tres hermanos que quedamos en el<br />
desamparo total y pese a ello pudimos sacar cabeza y salir avante en la vida, por lo que dedico este<br />
esfuerzo a todos nuestros descendientes.<br />
Agradezco la colaboración de muchas personas, cuyos nombres gloso al final .<br />
Hago la aclaración que aun cuando he revisado dos veces este documento aun muestra errores de<br />
digitación debidos a mis problemas de salud por lo que ruego a los lectores las indulgencias del<br />
caso.<br />
Para abrir los contenidos de cada capítulo : Ir a Directo Blog, dar clic en cada enlace, que le<br />
lleva directo a la Nube en donde se encuentra el texto que puede bajar a su P.C. o leer<br />
allí mismo.<br />
<br />
ENCIMA DE ESTA ENTRADA ESTAN LOS ENLACES REFERIDOS EN ESTRICTO ORDEN:<br />
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Author: jpoveda | Posted at: 9:30 | | 0 comentarios<br />
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Marzo 2020.jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-35665863694484091502020-03-10T09:30:00.002-07:002020-03-10T09:30:30.942-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZUEcG2S7DEuKhihbvGEgJmkREppeyErV/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZUEcG2S7DEuKhihbvGEgJmkREppeyErV/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-66247315865111507792020-03-10T09:29:00.004-07:002020-03-10T09:29:51.536-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TnIX93GdkjgXboxfOq4i6SQEnQ7vnYNP/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TnIX93GdkjgXboxfOq4i6SQEnQ7vnYNP/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-64413012299617856172020-03-10T09:29:00.002-07:002020-03-10T09:29:22.216-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wpzv-FvuLjwpOklhxoAum5GZMl8NHPFX/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wpzv-FvuLjwpOklhxoAum5GZMl8NHPFX/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-87902613627630510472020-03-10T09:28:00.004-07:002020-03-10T09:28:50.569-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YG0XERH3J4QCo4fs-NJHM1rFo04HchXM/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YG0XERH3J4QCo4fs-NJHM1rFo04HchXM/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-4225048159369991872020-03-10T09:28:00.002-07:002020-03-10T09:28:06.117-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x_qo7Wp6PDkouVgzPlt5ZTrM3EoA1YsH/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x_qo7Wp6PDkouVgzPlt5ZTrM3EoA1YsH/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-85573161220840979392020-03-10T09:27:00.004-07:002020-03-10T09:27:38.395-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ez9Gd-NHud2A3Og2FyiG-C796eNNCRn0/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ez9Gd-NHud2A3Og2FyiG-C796eNNCRn0/view?usp=sharing</a>jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-265763222997464302020-03-10T09:27:00.002-07:002020-03-10T09:38:50.854-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1miZ3k6RKIt3Dy-TnJgws44ST5SIUf7QK/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1miZ3k6RKIt3Dy-TnJgws44ST5SIUf7QK/view?usp=sharing</a>jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-49171080569582659522020-03-10T09:26:00.002-07:002020-03-10T09:26:07.797-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ve9ZWzcyjPFF-BcDYgephsSEBDfkXiOF/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ve9ZWzcyjPFF-BcDYgephsSEBDfkXiOF/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-74490117000835737232020-03-10T09:25:00.003-07:002020-03-10T09:25:35.025-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C3Jy5t7_VGS-tmizQYagMvX4N7Hhj1Ns/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C3Jy5t7_VGS-tmizQYagMvX4N7Hhj1Ns/view?usp=sharing</a>jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-31918864839794769242020-03-10T09:24:00.003-07:002020-03-10T09:24:52.831-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oZc3KEI_0Z9A_QTK0CYevitugojMp_RL/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oZc3KEI_0Z9A_QTK0CYevitugojMp_RL/view?usp=sharing</a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-90713031120325500462020-03-10T09:24:00.001-07:002020-03-10T09:24:13.450-07:00<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CjQ5YvyyRpQF9-7nfX3rxHA7nbIEuF-X/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CjQ5YvyyRpQF9-7nfX3rxHA7nbIEuF-X/view?usp=sharing</a><br /><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-7625548869828385512018-01-22T14:08:00.000-08:002018-01-22T14:08:14.537-08:00SALIDAS PARA VENEZUELA.......????????<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YRcahKkD-Bc/WmZfizee5iI/AAAAAAABVk4/SRGX4UyPMUYqHVh6XgjydPMT1Fh4sakAACLcBGAs/s1600/question-mark-213692_960_720.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="395" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YRcahKkD-Bc/WmZfizee5iI/AAAAAAABVk4/SRGX4UyPMUYqHVh6XgjydPMT1Fh4sakAACLcBGAs/s320/question-mark-213692_960_720.jpg" width="175" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EZ7deFIlXyk/WmZYjPjMtzI/AAAAAAABVks/gCOUH5vTrgkYNWcLUCLUGK4GDtUi-7fkQCEwYBhgL/s1600/7262239-3d-de-signo-de-interrogaci%25C3%25B3n--Foto-de-archivo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="1300" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EZ7deFIlXyk/WmZYjPjMtzI/AAAAAAABVks/gCOUH5vTrgkYNWcLUCLUGK4GDtUi-7fkQCEwYBhgL/s320/7262239-3d-de-signo-de-interrogaci%25C3%25B3n--Foto-de-archivo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Haciendo a un lado toda
otra consideración histórica que no interesa como plataforma de lanzamiento de
este diagnóstico, nos centramos en hechos concretos relevantes y al margen de
explicaciones ideológicas. Nos fundamentaremos en la historia y la cultura de
Venezuela. Y resaltamos- a los efectos de este escrito tres rasgos definitorios
de la sociedad venezolana que nos ponen en antecedentes de lo que allí ocurre.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">1- Venezuela es un
emporio de riqueza material históricamente muy mal administrado y por ello con
índices que al inicio de la gestión socialista de Hugo Chávez mostraba este
dato que el periódico El Nacional textualmente define así en 2004: </span><span lang="es-419" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;">Socioeconómicamente
hablando, en un país de riqueza petrolera inmensa, el 71% de los hogares se
halla en situación de pobreza y 800.000 familias en pobreza extrema, al tiempo
que los venezolanos de hoy tienen ingresos equivalentes a los de 1958 <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">(El Nacional,</span></i> 29-7-04). Sic.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;">2.-</span><span lang="es-419" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="es-419" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;">El Dr.
Emilio Menéndez Del Valle, embajador y eurodiputado español escribe en El País
el 13 de agosto de 2004, que …" en realidad y lamentablemente es posible
hablar de una sociedad dual, profundamente dividida y enfrentada. Hace un año
formé parte de una misión del Parlamento Europeo que visitó el país para
obtener información y sacar conclusiones. Escribí entontes sobre la dramática
polarización que se vivía y el informe del Parlamento Europeo (que yo no
redacté) afirmaba haber "encontrado en Venezuela un ambiente radicalizado
en el que la polarización de la sociedad se refleja en los aspectos más nimios
de la vida cotidiana del país<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk504387532"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #6e6e6e;">"</span></a>. Sic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 12pt;">Esta
visión coincide con mi propia apreciación obtenida en la época en que
gobernaban Adecos o Copeyanos, por lo que asumo-dado me consta - es un rasgo
cultural enraizado.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.-Desde el principio de
su vida independiente el militarismo se enquista en la vida venezolana. Ese
militarismo nunca ha sido democrático, sino profundamente elitista y si en la
época de la doctrina de la Seguridad Hemisférica- doctrina incoada por USA en
América Latina era golpista, sigue siéndolo, aunque le traten de vestir de
progresista y bolivariano. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Afirma al respecto el
Historiador </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ebert
Cardoza Sáez en la obra: El caudillismo y militarismo en Venezuela.
Orígenes, conceptualización y consecuencias -Procesos Históricos. Revista de
Historia y Ciencias Sociales, 28, Julio-diciembre, 2015, 143-153 Universidad de
Los Andes, Mérida (Venezuela) ISSN 1690-4818, lo que sigue: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">El
caudillo militar ibérico, y luego el criollo, no fueron ajenos a la política
cuando comenzó la guerra de independencia. Los presidentes-generales de la
Republica no fueron sino los reproductores de los Gobernadores-Capitanes, bajo
nuevas modalidades discursivas, pero cumpliendo las mismas funciones defensivas
y represivas, necesarias para el sostenimiento del aparato estatal, control y
dirección del engranaje burocrático-administrativo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Para
poder comprender el concepto de caudillismo a la luz del militarismo, como
concepto auxiliar, es fundamental no confundir lo militar con lo puramente
profesional. En torno al debate sobre “militarismo”, “pretorianismo” y
“caudillismo”, en Venezuela se han publicado significativos ensayos…de las que
se desprende que el caudillo no era inmanente al ámbito militar
porque sea profesional o no, sino porque pertenece, formalmente y de hecho, a
un sector bien diferenciado, aunque no desvinculado, del sector civil, y sujeto
a estructuras piramidales, según ciertas ordenanzas, jerarquías, fueros y
jurisdiccionalidad específica. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tal
ámbito castrense, al escapar al control de la autoridad civil, sirvió de
refugio autonómico a muchos generales, coroneles, tenientes, capitanes y
sectores medios de la organización militar, que emplearon su influencia militar
para intervenir en la toma de decisiones político-gubernamentales. En
definitiva, el marco conceptual referente al fenómeno del caudillismo está tan
imbricado con la formación de la estructura militar que es imposible disociar
ambos aspectos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Si
consideramos la noción de militarismo como el exceso de intervención de
militares en la política, entonces podríamos afirmar, sin dudas, que el periodo
caudillista se caracterizó, fundamentalmente, por el exceso de intervención de
militares en asuntos de gobierno. Fue, precisamente, un constante estado de
insubordinación del elemento militar al poder civil. Sic.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Esta descripción -dado
pasaría en Venezuela largos periodos de mi vida de 1958 a 2002 -la comparto
plenamente. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.-Las consecuencias de
la imbricación de estos tres factores, junto con la riqueza material y
facilidad para adquirirla inhiben la búsqueda de complementos necesarios para
un desarrollo armónico y la sucesión de gobiernos militaristas crea una cultura
de amigo-enemigo, no de una de conciudadanos laborando juntos para el progreso
y bienestar de ambos.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">5. en las
condiciones apuntadas supra, debemos agregar tres detalles más, todos altamente
significativos, porque ayudan a enraizar una cultura del ser venezolano fundada
en estos detalles muy entrelazados entre sí: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">a.- La macrocefalia
capitalina y de otras ciudades que provoca que el concepto de desarrollo
armonioso: campo-ciudad no se diera y más bien se acrecentara debido a la
dependencia temprana de riquezas como el petróleo, diamantes, uranio y otras
piedras preciosas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;"> b.- El uso -abuso
de importaciones de bienes de consumo-incluidos-los alimentos diarios -hizo
nugatorios los esfuerzos tendentes a balancear esta situación que partía del
concepto facilista de si siempre hemos sido ricos…siempre seguiremos siéndolo.
Y la burla del caraqueño rico comprando artículos superfluos en Miami: ¡ ta
barato, dame dos! pone de manifiesto el facilismo de vida
señalado. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;"> c.- La poca
capacidad de los gobiernos democráticos para enrumbar el país por senderos más
seguros que el mero disfrute de las riquezas petrolero-minerales, así como la
concentración de ciudadanos en las capitales de los estados, atraídas por el
alto standard de vida, aumentaría la macrocefalia de Caracas, la capital. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tal macrocefalia
produjo-a su vez- la división social en clases sociales altamente diferenciadas
-mismo fenómeno que sufre el resto de países latinoamericanos- y eso aumentaría
la tensión social y la diferenciación en clases que conducen al punto de
ruptura llamado El Caracazo del el 27 de febrero de 1989, que es seguido
después por otro suceso: el golpe militar del coronel Hugo Chávez en dos
ocasiones, pero la importante: 27 noviembre de 1992, la cual marca un giro
radical en la historia del país: la paulatina creación de un rumbo socialista
opuesto al usual de corte capitalista.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">SOLUCIÓN SOCIALISTA</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">El Coronel Hugo Chávez y
luego su sucesor -a dedo - Nicolás Maduro instalan una modalidad de gobierno
inspirado primero en el denominado Socialismo del Siglo XXI, que su autor, el
mexicano denuncia como una farsa ,lo que obliga-indefectiblemente al régimen a
rebautizarlo como Revolución Bolivariana -exaltando superlativamente-como todo
en Venezuela- la gesta de Bolívar que-redivivo- es llevado y traído al antojo
en un galimatías histórico-funambulesco que tiene la peculiaridad de exaltar su
figura poniendo en manos de militares y amigos -altamente bolivarizados
si cabe el termino - todas las instituciones-independientemente de si están
preparados o no para asumir tales cargos. Basta la voluntad omnímoda del
Comandante en Jefe para estarlo.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Poco a poco el gobierno
así conformado, primero con Chávez a su cabeza y fallecido con Maduro
sustituyéndolo ambos se va apoderando de toda la institucionalidad del
país, van cercenando la excesiva gravitación del sector privado - provocando su
deterioro in crescendo mediante extorsiones, desalojos, expropiaciones sin pago
– sustituyéndolo por el rol del gobierno metido en toda la institucionalidad -
a la vez que el país se va endeudando para sostener el tren de gastos que se
produce al margen de la capacidad productiva real.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Aunque desde el inicio
del gobierno chavista se menciona la instauración de programas de
abastecimiento de necesidades básicas mediante el aumento de esfuerzos
productivos propios, el país desemboca en un aumento de consumo sin aumento de
producción, por lo que se recurre al aumento de la importación de bienes básicos,
incluyendo alimentos. Y cuando esta medida se hace insuficiente se recurre a
creación de insumos por Decreto- como si la carencia pudiese eliminarse
mágicamente por mero Decreto-como ha sucedido en países bajo cánones
socialistas utópicos, sin más asidero que los decretos mágicos que ordenan
desde arriba , sin conocer si en los estamentos intermedios y básicos hay
posibilidad alguna para el cumplimiento de metas. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Paralelamente , bajo el
espejismo del mando omnímodo que no lleva a parte alguna-pero si permite la
posibilidad de llenar egos y bolsillos- el régimen militar se va introduciendo
poco a poco en actividades de contrabando, siembra y distribución de drogas y
actividades conexas de lavado de activos relacionados con la adicción in crescendo
en países del Primer Mundo-particularmente USA y Europa Occidental- , dado esta
actividad mezclada con lo que ocurre en las fronteras con otros países sureños
produce una muy alta rentabilidad que se oculta fácilmente para enviarla
a engordar por medio de depósitos en los denominados paraísos
fiscales.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dado el régimen militar
chavo-madurista tiene -desde su inicio –primero el aval y luego el control
procedente de Cuba- pronto a esa interdependencia difícil de sostener por solo
Cuba, se suman Rusia, China, Irán, entre otros y en la actualidad es en esos
países en donde se toman las altas decisiones que Maduro vende como solidaridad
internacional en sustitución de la tradicional con USA y Europa Occidental, que
pasan ipso-facto a ser el enemigo. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Al deteriorarse las
condiciones internas, luego las externas-salvo con los países indicados supra-
y al comenzar a producirse la escasez de productos diversos, sobre todo los de
consumo básico, el gobierno- en vez de superar la incipiente crisis de manera cuerda-decide
echar la culpa al capitalismo enemigo y particularmente a USA por ese y todos
los otros males producto de la incapacidad administrativa que busca ocultarse
bajo consignas políticas.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">A la escasez cada vez
mayor de alimentos se une la de medicamentos, gazas, agujas y material
quirúrgico para atención de enfermedades crónicas o de urgencia, y a las largas
colas para adquirir alimentos se unen pronto las largas listas de medicamentos
que se negocian abiertamente en redes sociales.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mientras tanto el
gobierno despotrica en contra del imperialismo causante de estos nuevos males y
rehúye explicaciones, se burla de quienes las formulan y emplea los Batallones
de la Dignidad a los que termina armando, así como a los arrestos y a la
represión abierta y sin contemplaciones para enfrentar el descontento y
malestar.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">ELECCIONES, ELECCIONES,
ELECCIONES:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">El único rasgo
aparentemente democrático del régimen chavo-madurista ha sido la interminable
sucesión de elecciones que la oposición nucleada primero en la MUD -y luego
escindida en varios trozos, considera amañadas, por lo que buscar
salida usando las elecciones es un espejismo, pero se recurre a este mecanismo
porque es el tradicional en diversas partes del mundo, pese a que -en
Venezuela- todas las variables-excepto los votos-son controlados por el Estado
y no se permite la veeduría imparcial de observadores del exterior-con
excepción de los que determine el gobierno.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pese a que los procesos
eleccionarios son un espejismo-cada vez más evidente- tiene recepción en los
que se erigen en auto-líderes de esta suerte de lotería electoral, toda vez los
políticos no saben hacer más que eso: participar en procesos eleccionarios. Los
procesos eleccionarios son la lotería o quiniela a la que se juega porque- repitámoslo:
los políticos no saben ir más allá de ello. Y mucho menos cuando en Venezuela
todos los parámetros apuntan hacia su real carácter de espejismo.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Incapaces de entender el
proceso arriba descrito, en toda su magnitud, pero mostrando actos de solidaridad
verbal constantes, los gobiernos e instituciones de segundo y tercer grado
internacionales solo atinan a enviar delegados para convencer a unos y a otros
para que dialoguen. Y el dialogo que se produce una y otra vez, siempre culmina
inevitablemente en elecciones que luego son reputadas de amañadas por la
oposición y vuelta a comenzar la ronda. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">La oposición -bien la
nucleada en la MUD- o sus satélites ha caído en el vicio de asistir a diálogos,
participar en elecciones, sabiendo de antemano no puede domeñar la situación y
que a cada instancia eleccionaria el gobierno se las ingenia para hacer
aparecer -virtual y en la realidad- todo a su favor. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Para ello el régimen
acompaña -invariable- los procesos eleccionarios tanto de aumento de
represiones de índole diversa, como de disminución de condiciones aptas
para elecciones limpias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Y al final de cada
proceso la oposición se divide más y se pone incluso en ridículo, pero retorna
a otro espejismo eleccionario tan pronto el gobierno convoca, toda
vez se agota en tres acciones repetitivas: alzamientos en las calles,
levantamiento de barricadas y centenares de denuncias que se propagan por
medios de información en el exterior, así como de análisis de muy diversa
factura, pero cada vez más y más repetitivos y carentes de propuestas.
Expresémoslo más crudamente: aumenta el diagnóstico y decrecen las soluciones.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">PLANO INTERNACIONAL</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Se suele afirmar que cada
día más y más al aumentar la interacción entre persona y Estados se incrementa
la solidaridad externa, algo particularmente difícil cuando de por medio se
encuentra el concepto de Soberanía de los Países, que es el leiv-motiv del gobierno
venezolano para prever, atajar, desprestigiar e ignorar la opinión externa,
cuando conoce-de antemano no le es favorable. Esperar, por tanto, que el
problema de los venezolanos no afectos al gobierno madurista sea resuelto por
acciones internacionales es otro espejismo que solo opera a favor del régimen,
no en beneficio de la oposición.
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Revisemos-brevemente-
este tema, sin seguir los cánones internacionales, sino su practicabilidad
hasta el momento, el que ha mostrado-hasta la saciedad -este resultado
invariable:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">ONU: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk504128554"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #6e6e6e;">Solo expresa
mediante declaraciones genéricas preocupación por la situación, pero no hace ni
va a hacer nada más. Existe un amarre ideológico visible en el Consejo de
Seguridad que opera no a favor de los países votantes pro intervención en
Venezuela: el eje Occidental, sino a favor del eje: Rusia-China, que sostienen
el régimen madurista, el que ha entregado sus reservas de petróleo e instalaciones
para procesarlo a ambos países. </span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span lang="es-419" style="color: #6e6e6e; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none;"><br />
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">OEA: Solo expresa
mediante declaraciones genéricas preocupación por la situación, pero no hace ni
va a hacer nada más. Al igual que sucede en la ONU, la OEA no hace-ni puede
hacer-más que declaraciones. Aunque sea fácilmente visible la posición del
Secretario General en la práctica al producirse las votaciones que deben
amparar sus acciones, hay un núcleo de países que dependen de beneficios
petroleros que no van a votar en
contra de sus propios intereses materiales, sino a su favor.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">INVASIÓN: Es un mero
sueño -ensueño de algunos que no conocen nada de política, nada de relaciones
internacionales y por tanto ignoran no es una salida viable, ni siquiera
apoyada-por razones más que obvias -por países latinoamericanos, que ya la han
sufrido en carne propia en el pasado cuando así lo consideraba USA bueno para
sus propios fines.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tal invasión
-reitero-solo en la mente de algunos despistados - hoy día solo puede
hacerla USA y en periodo del presidente Trump a este señor no es posible
creerle ni siquiera el Si que es No y el No que es Sí, toda vez ha mostrado
fehacientemente su incapacidad no solo para actuar sino para pensar
correctamente.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">SANCIONES ECONÓMICAS:
Para un régimen en donde en los mandos más altos el ingreso de dinero es fácil,
sin control y proveniente de actos ilícitos-tales como venta y receptación de
drogas, armas, además de juegos financieros off shore, todas las sanciones
económicas son como el aspergear de perfume el lomo de los cerdos: les puede
produce estornudos, pero nada más. Amén de que no van a reaccionar toda vez no
tienen más salida que mantenerse en sus lineamientos, como lo sabe bien quien
haya osado meterse en tratos -de cualquier índole- con la narcoactividad que es
asociada del crimen trasnacional organizado.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Lo referido respecto de
las eventuales soluciones internacionales, que no son viables nos lleva a
referirnos a las soluciones internas.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">SOLUCIONES INTERNAS:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Las soluciones internas
son más variopintas que las soluciones externas, como veremos a continuación.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">SOLUCIÓN NEGOCIADA: Esta
salida propia de países desarrollados, no fácilmente al alcance de gobiernos y
de oposición en Venezuela, es una idea que ha sido patrocinada por varios: el
Vaticano, un grupo de Ex Presidentes en otros países, el Grupo IDEA, y
eventualmente otros grupos armados de buena voluntad en el exterior.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hasta el momento buscar
esa solución negociada- ha sido otro espejismo- dado indefectiblemente la
oposición -o las diversas oposiciones-pues en los intentos se resquebraja más y
más su endeble unidad -queda siempre a merced de las decisiones
gubernamentales, dado no se permite supervisión externa de los procesos
eleccionarios que siguen a las pláticas de entendimiento mutuo, o a las
supuestos compromisos que adquiere el gobierno ,que antes recurría a tener
conversaciones al interior de Venezuela y que luego ha modificado para tener
esas mismas conversaciones en el exterior, pero armado del mismo e
invariable talante: decir Si para hacer No . </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">MIGRACIÓN A OTRO PAÍS:
Venezuela es un país que ha sabido mezclar la existencia de su propio
núcleo poblacional autóctono con una fuerte migración externa, por lo que no le
es fácil invertir el proceso. Y si lo invierte, este se encuentra constreñido a
tres variables: es limitada a posibilidades personales, no se aplica
masivamente y depende- a su vez- de varias circunstancias: la
primera que el que desee emigrar tenga dinero para viajar, pueda auto
sostenerse fuera mientras encuentra empleo y logre adaptarse, la segunda: que otro
país conceda visa de refugiado, asilado extienda luego visa permanente, y
si no la obtiene tenga la posibilidad de retornar a su país de origen y
la tercera: que el gobierno no le retenga con cualquier subterfugio.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">ADAPTACIÓN AL PROCESO
REVOLUCIONARIO: En el ínterin y mientras aumenta ostensiblemente la
cantidad de personas que buscan el exilio como solución pasajera o definitiva,
la situación nacional puede definirse en estos términos sociológicos nada
halagüeños que tienen raíz en una cultura sobrepuesta-por tanto, no detectable
ideológicamente sino en la rutina diaria que no es fácil de conocer por el
extranjero que se pregunta a diario el porqué de la insistencia diaria de
los remitidos, avisos, noticias, mensajes proclamas que se repiten y repiten y
repiten como un ritornelo fatídico, pero sin solución a la vista. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">De nuevo nos encontramos
con el contrasentido de que toda la argumentación apunta hacia hacer un listado
interminable, repetitivo, cansón de variables sociales, pero sin ninguna correspondencia
con líneas de soluciones sino de mero diagnóstico.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">La explicación que he
debido ir armando tomando ideas de varios amigos, según mi lectura mezcla
de viajes y e intercambio con venezolanos dentro y fuera de su país,
reside en lo siguiente: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">a.-</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Culturalmente hay un porcentaje apreciable de
la población de alto y medio nivel que adora el dinero fácil, les encanta ganar
mucho dinero sin trabajar y es por ellos (sin ser necesariamente chavistas) que
el gobierno se sostiene. Al igual que se sostiene gracias al apoyo</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-CR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">irrestricto
de quienes -perteneciendo a las clases baja y desposeída reciben casa,
comestible y diversos favores suplidos desde arriba.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">b.-
La razón por la que nadie protesta o lo hace a medias o con sordina, en el
primer grupo es porque los que ganan, ganan suficiente y no les preocupa la
crisis. Esos grupos -mutatis, mutandis, pueden categorizarse así a grandes
rasgos:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Grupo
uno: Los enchufados (militares, políticos, empresarios y proveedores del
régimen) quienes se surten en el exterior y no dan cuenta a nadie de lo que
hacen o deshacen. Un enchufado equivale en otros países a la persona corrupta,
lamentablemente un personaje social que cobra cada vez mas relevancia en
distintas sociedades debido al cambio de los valores sociales, en donde vale
más el tener que el ser. Estos personajes no son-necesariamente - una creación
del régimen socialista venezolano. Estaban en este país desde antes y se las
han arreglado para mantenerse y proliferar en su nefasto rol social con el
cambio de régimen.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Grupo
dos: Los emprendedores del legado revolucionario que revenden
artículos regulados o escasos tales como: combustibles, medicinas, alimentos,
víveres, materiales regulados, dólares, bolívares, papel, baterías, cauchos,
lubricantes. Estas personas venden sin factura, no tienen local, no conocen ni
les interesa conocer que son los impuestos, no tienen personal, o a lo sumo son
ayudados por colaboradores ocasionales, que aportan teléfonos,
direcciones para hacer negocios y -a cambio-reciben comestibles y medicinas a
cambio. Esta figura no es un invento venezolano, siempre ha aparecido ligada a
la inestabilidad y precariedad provocada en crisis económicas tanto del sistema
socialista como capitalista.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Grupo
tres: Los virtualmente inmunes a la crisis - más numeroso cada vez- dado
reciben remesas del exterior (calcúlese que un día de trabajo en USA equivale a
unos 10 millones de Bs. en Venezuela) y por eso a estas personas no les
preocupa que los del segundo grupo les suban los precios porque el dólar aguanta.
Esta figura la conocemos en Centroamérica que ha exportado personas para
trabajar en USA y vive de sus remesas.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Grupo
cuatro: Los empresarios y profesionales del sector privado formal que ven
cómo sus ganancias se las lleva la hiperinflación y la devaluación. Este
grupo de emprendedores a punto de fracasar, le da trabajo al:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Grupo
cinco: Los más jodidos de esta nueva escala, son los asalariados a
quienes su paga no les alcanza para nada y son los que se mueren de
desnutrición, de depresión o por carencia de tratamientos y medicamentos.
Además, son los que mayoritariamente han participado en procesos sociales de
protesta en las barricadas que han levantado en las principales ciudades
venezolanas, las cuales han dejado como legado gran cantidad de personas
invalidas o fallecidas. Este grupo suele ser en todos los países que atraviesan
o atravesaron la situación actual venezolana, la llamada carne de cañón. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-CR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Grupo
seis: Al final de la lista del reacomodo de la pirámide social venezolana se
encuentran-como en todo otro país subdesarrollado o en vías de desarrollo la
clase desposeída</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A
los tres primeros grupos la crisis les viene de maravilla, pero irónicamente
los más perjudicados que son mayoría, no salen a protestar porque están muy
ocupados trabajando para no perder sus empresas o para no caer en el último
grupo donde ya no hay vuelta atrás.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">El
único rasgo físico ,además de la cantidad de mensajes que se cruzan en
redes y a los que el gobierno no pone atención alguna, los organismos
internacionales no pueden resolver y los extranjeros menos ,es el aumento de
fotos y videos que muestran colas para comprar alimentos así como
personas escarbando basureros o prostitutas ejerciendo su ocupación
obligada en las calles ,así como el deterioro en la recolección de basura que
se acumula en todas partes, o el derrumbe silencioso de edificios
ruinosos…</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Y
finalmente hay -como en todo enfrentamiento, siempre hay otra solución posible,
aunque sea muy extrema:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">LUCHA ARMADA
INTERNA: Esta no es fácil ni viable como lo ha demostrado el
intento del teniente Oscar Pérez a quien suprimieron - junto con su
grupo- atropellando conceptos militares respetados en todos los países
que se precian de civilizados, no así en los barbáricos, la supresión física
,el entierro sorpresivo y sin aviso a sus familiares es un aviso del régimen de
que eso mismo habrá de pasarle a los que intenten alzarse en armas siguiendo
cánones del pasado, pero reeditados bajo un signo distinto. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">EPILOGO: A favor del
gobierno se encuentra todo-aparentemente. A favor del retorno a un
sistema democrático -pero distinto del pasado- reconstruido sobre las ruinas
del que fuera y pasado - a su vez- por la horca caudina de más de 20 años de
desafuero total- francamente- no vislumbro nada. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pero en el plano social al
menos hipotéticamente, todo problema tiene solución. Si las condiciones
materiales no son favorables ahora, interviene el TIEMPO. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">La pregunta es en este
caso:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="es-419" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">¿Como, Cuando, En que Forma…? . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="es-419" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Parece un acertijo militar, no un acertijo civil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">J.P. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-67032649934107518552017-12-28T12:37:00.000-08:002017-12-28T12:50:16.910-08:00LA RESPONSABILIDAD POLÍTICA EN EL COLAPSO DE NUESTRO PLANETA<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="display: none; mso-ansi-language: ES-CR; mso-hide: all;">Principio del formulario<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="display: none; mso-ansi-language: ES-CR; mso-hide: all;">Final del formulario<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img alt="Resultado de imagen para cambio climatico" src="https://cdn.tekcrispy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Tarde-para-detener-el-cambio-climatico-1021x580.jpg" /></div>
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Posted on <span lang="es-419"><a href="http://www.other-news.info/noticias/2017/12/la-responsabilidad-politica-en-el-colapso-de-nuestro-planeta/" title="3:02 pm"><b><span lang="ES-CR">28/12/2017</span></b></a></span> by <a href="http://www.other-news.info/noticias/author/admin-2/" title="View all posts by admin"><b>admin</b></a><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><i><br /></i></b>
<b><i>Por Roberto
Savio*<br />
</i></b><br />
<br />
Roma, diciembre 2017 (Other News) –<br />
<br />
El 20 de diciembre, los 28 Ministros de
Medio Ambiente de la Unión Europea (UE) se reunieron en Bruselas
para discutir el plan de reducción de emisiones preparado por la Comisión, para
cumplir con el Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático. Pues bien, lo que
está claro (es) que hemos perdido la batalla para mantener el planeta tal como
lo conocemos. Por supuesto, esto puede ser considerado como mi subjetiva
opinión personal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Por lo tanto, voy a
proporcionar muchos datos, historia y hechos para ser concreto. Los
datos y los hechos tienen un apreciable valor: son útiles para todos los
debates, mientras que las ideas no. Entonces, si a Ud. no le gustan los hechos,
por favor deje de leer aquí. Usted se librará de un artículo aburrido,
como probablemente todos los míos, porque no estoy tratando de entretener, sino
de crear conciencia. Además, si deja de leer, se ahorrará la oportunidad de
conocer nuestro triste destino.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Como es usual ahora en
política, los intereses se anteponen a los valores y la visión. Los ministros
decidieron (con alguna resistencia de Dinamarca y Portugal), reducir el
compromiso de Europa. Esto va al encuentro de Donald Trump, que abandonó el
Acuerdo de París, para privilegiar los intereses estadounidenses, sin ninguna
atención al planeta. Por lo tanto, Europa simplemente está siguiéndole.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Por supuesto, los que
estamos vivos ahora no pagaremos nada: las próximas generaciones serán las
víctimas de un mundo cada vez más inhóspito. Pocas de las personas que en 2015
asumieron en París compromisos solemnes en nombre de toda la humanidad
para salvar el planeta, estarán vivos dentro de 30 años, cuando el cambio se
vuelva irreversible. Y será también evidente que los seres humanos somos los únicos
animales que no defendemos ni protegemos nuestro hábitat.<o:p></o:p></div>
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En primer lugar, el
Acuerdo de París fue adoptado por los 195 países participantes, de los cuales
171 ya han suscrito el tratado, en sólo dos años, lo cual está muy bien,
excepto que el tratado es solo una colección de buenos deseos, sin ningún
compromiso concreto. Para empezar, no establece compromisos específicos y
verificables. Cada país decidirá sus propios objetivos y será responsable de su
implementación. Es como pedir a todos los ciudadanos de un país que decidan
cuántos impuestos quieren pagar y que si no los pagan, no hay ninguna sanción.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
En París en 2015
Europa se comprometió a llegar a utilizar el 27% de energías renovables
(reduciendo el uso de energías fósiles), fijando un objetivo del 20% para el
2020. Pero, del 27%, bajó al 24,3%. Además, los ministros decidieron mantener
los subsidios para la industria de energías fósiles hasta el 2030 en lugar del
2020, como estaba previsto. Y aunque la propuesta de la Comisión era que las
plantas de energías fósiles perderían los subsidios si no reducían sus
emisiones a 500 gramos de CO2 por tonelada para el 2020, los ministros
extendieron los subsidios hasta el 2025.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Por último, la
Comisión propuso reducir los biocombustibles (a base de productos de consumo
humano, como el aceite de palma) al 3,8%. Así, los ministros, contrariamente a
todas sus declaraciones sobre la lucha contra el hambre en el mundo, decidieron
duplicarlo, al 7%.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Volvamos ahora al
principal defecto del acuerdo de París. Los científicos tardaron dos décadas
para concluir con certeza que el cambio climático es causado por las
actividades humanas, a pesar de una fuerte oposición, bien financiada por la
industria del carbón y del petróleo, que sostenía lo contrario.<o:p></o:p></div>
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El Panel Internacional
sobre Cambio Climático, es una organización bajo los auspicios de la ONU, cuyos
miembros son 194 países, pero su fortaleza proviene de los más de 2.000
científicos de 154 países que trabajan juntos en el tema del clima.<o:p></o:p></div>
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El debate se prolongó
desde 1988 –cuando se estableció el IPCC– hasta 2013, cuando
llegaron a una conclusión definitiva: la única manera de detener el
rápido deterioro del planeta, consiste en impedir que las emisiones superen los
1,5 grados centígrados sobre la temperatura de la Tierra en 1850. En otras
palabras, nuestro planeta ya está deteriorado, y no podemos volver atrás. Hemos
quemado demasiada gasolina y emitido demasiados gases contaminantes, que ya
están actuando. Pero si detenemos este proceso, aunque nunca podremos cancelar
el daño ya causado, que durará algunos miles de años, podemos estabilizar el
planeta.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Se considera que la
revolución industrial comenzó en 1746, cuando las usinas industriales
reemplazaron a los tejedores individuales. Pero comenzó a gran escala en la
segunda mitad del siglo XIX, con la segunda revolución industrial. Esto implicó
el uso de la ciencia en la producción, inventando motores, ferrocarriles,
creando fábricas y otros medios de producción industrial.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Empezamos a registrar
las temperaturas en 1850, cuando aparecieron los termómetros. De esta forma,
podemos verificar cómo el carbón, los fósiles y otros combustibles
comenzaron a interactuar con la atmósfera.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Lo que concluyeron los
científicos fue que si superamos los 1,5 grados centígrados con respecto a la
temperatura de 1850, cruzaremos irreversiblemente una línea roja: no podremos
modificar la tendencia, y el clima quedará fuera de control, con dramáticas
consecuencias para el planeta.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
La conferencia de
París es el acto final de un proceso que comenzó en Río de Janeiro en 1992, con
la Conferencia sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, donde dos líderes ya
fallecidos, Boutros Ghali y Maurice Strong, llevaron a cabo la primera cumbre
de jefes de Estado sobre el problema del medio ambiente.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Por cierto, vale la
pena recordar que Strong, un hombre que dedicó toda su vida a los problemas del
medio ambiente, por primera vez abrió la conferencia a los representantes de la
sociedad civil, además de las delegaciones gubernamentales. Más de 20,000
organizaciones, académicos y activistas viajaron a Río, iniciando la creación
de una sociedad civil global reconocida por la comunidad internacional.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
A diferencia de Kioto,
se suponía que París sería un acuerdo realmente global, con el fin de incluir
la mayor cantidad de países posible. Es un secreto sucio poco conocido que la
ONU decidió poner como objetivo no los muy ajustados 1,5 grados centígrados,
sino los más apetecibles 2 grados centígrados. Pero desafortunadamente, el
consenso es que ya hemos superado los 1,5 grados centígrados. Y el Programa de
las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) ha estimado que los
compromisos asumidos por los países en París, si no cambian, nos llevarán a 6
grados centígrados, un aumento que según la comunidad científica haría
inhabitable una gran parte de nuestro planeta.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
De hecho, en los
últimos cuatro años registramos los veranos más calurosos desde 1850. En 2017
tenemos el récord de emisiones en la historia, que han alcanzado 41.5 giga
toneladas. De ellos, 90% proviene de actividades relacionadas con los humanos,
mientras que las energías renovables (cuyo costo ahora se ha vuelto competitivo
con respecto a las energías fósiles), todavía cubren solo el 18% de la energía
consumida en el mundo.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Hablaremos ahora de
otro secreto sucio importante.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mientras discutimos
sobre cómo reducir el uso de fósiles, estamos haciendo lo contrario. En este
momento, gastamos 10 millones de dólares por minuto para subsidiar la industria
de los fósiles.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Según la ONU, solo considerando
los subsidios directos, estos se sitúan entre 775 mil millones de dólares a 1
billón de dólares. La cifra oficial solo en el G20 es de 444 mil millones. El
Fondo Monetario Internacional ya ha aceptado la opinión de economistas que
sostienen que los subsidios no son solo dinero en efectivo: es el uso de la
tierra y la sociedad, así como la destrucción del suelo, el uso del agua, los
aranceles políticos (las llamadas externalidades, el costo que existe, pero que
no está incluido en el balance de las empresas). Si tenemos en cuenta esto,
llegamos a la friolera de 5.3 billones: fueron 4.9 billones en 2013. Eso
representa el 6.5% del Producto Bruto global y eso es lo que les cuesta usar
energías fósiles a los gobiernos, a la sociedad y a la tierra.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Este hecho no ha sido
difundido por los medios de comunicación. Pocos conocen la fuerza de la
industria de los fósiles. Trump quiere reabrir las minas de carbón, no solo
porque esto atrae los votos de aquellos que perdieron un trabajo obsoleto, sino
porque la industria de los fósiles financia el Partido Republicano. Los
multimillonarios hermanos Koch, los mayores propietarios de minas de carbón de
Estados Unidos, declararon haber “invertido” 800 millones de dólares en la
última campaña presidencial.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Algunos podrían decir
que estas cosas suceden en Estados Unidos, pero de acuerdo con la respetada
organización Transparencia Internacional, en Europa hay más de 40.000 lobistas
que actúan para ejercer influencia política. El Observatorio Corporativo de
Europa, que estudia el sector financiero, descubrió que estos grupos de presión
gastan 120 millones de euros (143 millones de dólares) al año en Bruselas y
emplea a 1.700 cabilderos. Se estableció que presionan sin respetar las normas
legales, con más de 700 organizaciones, superando siete veces el número de
sindicatos y organizaciones de la sociedad civil.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
El poder de la
industria de fósiles explica por qué en 2009 los gobiernos ayudaron al
sector con 557 mil millones de dólares, mientras que toda la industria de
las energías renovables recibió solo entre 43 y 46 mil millones de
dólares, según estimaciones de la Agencia Internacional de Energía.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Está claro que los
ciudadanos no tienen idea de que una parte de su dinero está manteniendo con
vida y con mucho lucro a una industria clave en la destrucción de nuestro
planeta, que sabe muy bien que hemos superado las 400 partes por millón de CO2
en la atmósfera, cuando la línea roja había sido establecida en 350 ppm. Pero
la gente no lo sabe, y así continúa esta espectacular fiesta de hipocresía.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
En 2015, la ONU
realizó una amplia encuesta donde participaron 9,7 millones de personas. Se les
pidió que eligieran como prioridades seis de 16 asuntos. El primer
elegido, con 6.5 millones de preferencias, fue “una buena educación”. El
segundo y el tercero, con más de 5 millones de preferencias, fueron “un mejor
sistema de salud” y “mejores oportunidades de trabajo”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
El último de los 16
temas, con menos de 2 millones, fue el “cambio climático”, que también resultó
último en las preferencias de los países pobres, pese a que serán las
principales víctimas del cambio climático. Los 4,3 millones de participantes,
de los países más pobres, pusieron en primer lugar la educación (3 millones de
preferencias); el cambio climático fue el último, con 561.000 votos… Ni
siquiera en Polinesia, Micronesia y Melanesia, cuyas islas están por
desaparecer, el cambio climático apareció en primer lugar. Esta es una
prueba contundente de que las personas no se dan cuenta de que hemos
llegado al umbral de la supervivencia de nuestro planeta tal como lo conocemos
desde hace miles de años.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Por lo tanto, si los
ciudadanos no están conscientes y no están preocupados, ¿por qué lo habrían de
estar sus políticos? La respuesta es porque son elegidos por los ciudadanos
para representar sus intereses y no pueden tomar decisiones fundamentales ¿Cómo
suena esto en sus oídos? Cabilderos luchando por intereses, que se presentan
ofreciendo empleos y estabilidad.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Y ahora, expongamos un
último secreto sucio, para mostrar cuán lejos estamos de alcanzar el control de
nuestro clima. Además de lo que ya hemos dicho, hay un tema muy importante que
incluso se ha debatido en París: los acuerdos se refieren exclusivamente a la
reducción de las emisiones de la industria de los fósiles. Otras emisiones se
han ignorado por completo.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Un nuevo filme
documental, “Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret” (Conspiración: el secreto
de la sostenibilidad), producido por Leonardo di Caprio, <span lang="es-419"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyTFZefMvZ8" target="_blank"><span lang="ES-CR">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyTFZefMvZ8</span></a></span> , ha clasificado muchísimos datos sobre
el impacto de la ganadería en el cambio climático. Son considerados de cierta
forma exagerados. Pero sus dimensiones son tan grandes que, de todos modos,
añaden otro clavo a nuestro ataúd.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Los animales emiten
metano, no emiten CO2, pero el metano es al menos 25% más dañino que el CO2. La
ONU reconoce que, si bien todos los medios de transporte, desde automóviles
hasta aviones, contribuyen al 13% de las emisiones, las vacas lo hacen en un
18%…<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
P<br />
ero el verdadero
problema es el uso del agua, un tema clave que no tenemos forma de abordar en
este artículo. El agua es considerada incluso por los estrategas militares,
como una muy próxima causa de conflictos, como el petróleo lo ha sido durante
mucho tiempo.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Para producir medio
kilo de carne se necesitan usa 10.000 litros de agua. ¡Eso significa que una
hamburguesa es equivalente a dos meses de duchas…! Para obtener 1 litro de
leche, se necesitan 1000 litros de agua. Las personas en todo el mundo usan una
décima parte de lo que necesitan las vacas. El ganado usa el 33% de toda el
agua disponible y el 45% de la superficie aprovechable del planeta. Además, es
la causa del 91% de la deforestación de la Amazonía y producen 130 veces más
desechos que los seres humanos.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
La cría de cerdos en
Holanda está creando serios problemas porque sus desechos ácidos están
reduciendo las tierras utilizables. Y el consumo de carne está aumentando muy
rápidamente en Asia y África, ya que se considera un objetivo a alcanzar los
niveles de consumo de los países ricos.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A este grave impacto
en el planeta, se ha unido una fuerte paradoja de sostenibilidad para la
población humana. Actualmente somos 7,590 millones de personas y pronto
llegaremos a 9,000 millones. La producción total de alimentos en el mundo
podría nutrir de 13 a 14 mil millones de personas. De estos alimentos, una
parte considerable se desperdicia y no llega a las personas (tema para un
artículo separado). La comida para los animales podría alimentar a 6 mil
millones de personas y tenemos mil millones de personas muriendo de hambre.
Esto prueba lo lejos que estamos de utilizar los recursos racionalmente
para los habitantes de la Tierra. Tenemos suficientes recursos para todos, pero
no los administramos racionalmente. El número de obesos ha igualado al de las
personas que mueren de hambre.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
La solución lógica en
esta situación sería llegar a un acuerdo sobre una gobernanza global, en el
interés de un planeta para la humanidad. Sin embargo, vamos en la
dirección opuesta. El sistema internacional está asediado por el nacionalismo,
que hace cada vez más imposible llegar a soluciones significativas.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Concluyamos con un
último ejemplo: sobrepesca. Han pasado dos décadas desde que la Organización
Mundial del Comercio (que no forma parte de la ONU y se construyó en disparidad
con el foro mundial) trata de llegar a un acuerdo sobre la pesca excesiva con
mega redes, que recolectan una enorme cantidad de peces: 2.7 billones, de los
cuales solo se usa una quinta parte y se botan los cuatro quintos restantes.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
En la última
conferencia de la OMC celebrada el 13 de diciembre en Buenos Aires, los
gobiernos tampoco pudieron llegar a un acuerdo sobre cómo limitar la pesca
ilícita. Los grandes peces han disminuido el 10% desde 1970. Y estamos
explotando un tercio de todas las reservas. Se estima que la pesca ilegal
coloca entre 10 mil millones y 23 mil millones en el mercado negro, según un
estudio de 17 agencias especializadas, con una lista completa de nombres. Y
nuevamente, los gobiernos gastan 20 mil millones de dólares por año para
financiar el aumento de su industria pesquera… otro ejemplo de cómo los
intereses se anteponen al bien común.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Creo que ahora tenemos
suficientes datos para darnos cuenta de la incapacidad de los gobiernos para
tomar en serio sus responsabilidades, porque disponen de la información
necesaria para saber que nos dirigimos hacia un desastre.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
En un mundo normal, la
declaración de Trump de que el control del clima es un cuento chino, y que se
inventó contra los intereses de Estados Unidos, debería haber causado una
conmoción global. Además, si bien las políticas internas de Trump son una
cuestión estadounidense, el clima está afectando a los 7.590 millones de
habitantes del planeta, y Trump fue elegido por menos de una cuarta parte de
las personas con derecho a voto de USA: aproximadamente 63 millones. Demasiado
poco para imponer decisiones que afectan a toda la humanidad.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Actualmente, los
ministros europeos se rigen por un proverbio que dice “el dinero habla y las
ideas murmuran…” Hay muchos que se están preparando para especular sobre el
cambio climático. Ahora que hemos perdido el 70% de hielo del polo norte y las
compañías navieras se preparan a utilizar la Ruta del Norte, lo que reducirá el
costo y la duración del transporte en un 17%. Y la industria vinícola
británica, desde el calentamiento del planeta, está aumentando la producción en
5% cada año.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Los viñedos plantados
en el sur de Inglaterra, con un suelo calcáreo, ahora se los compran los
productores de Champagne, que planean mudarse allí. El Reino Unido ya produce 5
millones de botellas de vino y vinos espumosos, los que se venden todos. Esta
Navidad, el espumante local superará a los champañas, cavas, prosecco y
otras bebidas navideñas tradicionales.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hemos registrado en
vano, el aumento de los huracanes y las tormentas, también en Europa, y una propagación
récord de incendios forestales. La ONU estima que al menos 800 millones de
personas serán desplazadas por el cambio climático, lo que hará inhabitable
varias partes del mundo. ¿A dónde irán? No a los Estados Unidos ni a Europa,
donde son vistos como invasores.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
No olvidemos que la
crisis siria se produjo después de cuatro años de sequía (1996-2000) que
desplazó a más de un millón de campesinos a las ciudades. El consiguiente
descontento alimentó la guerra, que hasta ahora contabiliza 400,000 muertos
y seis millones de refugiados. Cuando los ciudadanos se percaten de los daños,
será demasiado tarde. Los científicos piensan que será nítidamente evidente
después de treinta años.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Entonces, ¿por qué nos
preocupamos ahora? Ese es un problema para la próxima generación. Las
multinacionales continuarán ganando dinero hasta el último minuto, con la
complicidad de los gobiernos y su apoyo, así que, aprovechemos la marea del
cambio climático.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Vamos a comprar una
buena botella de champán británico, para beberlo en una línea de cruceros
de lujo sobre el Polo, y dejemos que la orquesta siga tocando, ¡como lo hizo en
el Titanic hasta el último minuto!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
———————————-<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>*Periodista
ítalo-argentino, Roberto Savio fue cofundador y director general de Inter
Press Service (IPS), de la que ahora es presidente emérito. En los últimos años
también fundó Other News, un servicio que proporciona “información que los
mercados eliminan”. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="es-419">FUENTE: </span><b><a href="http://www.other-news.info/noticias/" title="OTHER NEWS EN ESPAÑOL">OTHER NEWS EN ESPAÑOL</a></b></div>
jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-39222873482483988892017-11-10T15:15:00.000-08:002017-11-10T15:15:38.130-08:00Corrupción, intelectuales y justicia social<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">En nuestros días
parece cuasi-infantil pensar que personas sin ninguna formación de alto nivel
puedan acceder a cargos de gobierno, toda vez los requisitos obligatorios para
acercarse a cargos gubernamentales implican necesariamente la posesión de un
titulo universitario más años de experiencia en funciones relacionadas con el
cargo que se busque desempeñar. Por esa razón básica, uno tiende a pensar que,
si una persona llega a un alto cargo, es porque su nivel de conducta personal y
social le aleja automáticamente de las posibilidades de incurrir en actos de
corrupción. Lamentablemente, día tras día nos damos cuenta de que esta
presunción apriorística es totalmente errónea: la política </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">–junto a las areas que a
esta compete tomar decisiones -</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">es un campo actualmente invadido por
personas que carecen de requisitos formales, así como de méritos intelectuales
para desempeñar sus altos cargos.</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">¿Qué
es la «corrupción»?</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">
</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">El
término corrupción puede ser analizado desde muy diversos puntos de vista. En
mi país se suele señalar que la corrupción es un acto contrario a la ley y, por
tanto, al <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">bien común</span></i>, en que incurre un
político cuando es sobornado por un empresario privado (aunque en sentido
contrario hemos llegado a conocer que también sucede).</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Buscando un concepto definidor más
universal en el ámbito de lo político, citemos al teólogo venezolano Mikel de
Viana, quien en un artículo publicado en Caracas, el 12 abril de 1998, lo
definía así:</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">«El problema más serio en casi toda América Latina
es que el Estado no ha actuado como la institución</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">universal, abstracta, garante del Estado de
derecho; por lo contrario, ha funcionado como mecanismo para fabricar fortunas,
construir clases artificiales y privilegiar elites. En consecuencia, lo que se
plantea, de cara al siglo XXI, es la reconstrucción del aparato del Estado, con
el fin de que responda a políticas de largo plazo, y no a intereses
contingentes y particulares […], por lo que ello implica opciones: una es la
búsqueda del desarrollo al servicio de las personas y la otra, la búsqueda de
equidad social para eliminar la oprobiosa pobreza».</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Le agregaría a la
definición que justamente el acto de corrupción más rapante es aquel que se
comete por parte de políticos, ora en la derecha, o en la izquierda, afirmando
que están en clara y definida lucha para eliminar la pobreza, cuando más bien
se dilapidan los bienes del Estado en proyectos personalísimos, aspecto tan
común en América Latina que, lamentablemente, se ha convertido en un parámetro
definidor muy cercano al Bien Personal, muy alejado del Bien Común.</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">El caso Odebrecth-
por citar el más conspicuo </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">caso de corrupcion en America Latina </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">en la actualidad</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">- tiene hoy día en el banquillo de
los acusados –allí donde la justicia </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">puede mostrar manos </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> limpias- a políticos pertenecientes a todo el
espectro en los más conspicuos países latinoamericanos, con algunas honrosas
excepciones a la fecha.</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <span lang="es-419">Y no ha terminado de extinguirse los ecos de este escandalo,cuando
aparece el nuevo denominado Paradise Papers
,al que se suma igualmente el llamado Cementazo-por ahora con tentaculos soo en
Costa Rica. Y todo esto si hacemos abstraccion de otros escandalos que no
fueron siqjuiera invesigados toda vez sobre ellos cae el velo del silencio. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Ahora bien, de
frente a esta situación, los que se autodenominan intelectuales y tratan de
sujetarnos a sus lúcidas «interpretaciones» de la realidad social, están en la
obligación de tomar una posición definida de frente a tales actos. Eso nos
obliga a buscar un término que defina que entendemos por intelectual. Y aquí el
asunto se complica, toda vez que no basta que nos quedemos con el criterio de
quienes se autodefinen como intelectuales y además le agregan el adjetivo de
«izquierda» para hacerlo (extrañamente) «legitimador», porque ya sabemos que
–por razones históricas- desde la posición contraria, es </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">inusual </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> que suela recurrirse a autodenominarse
intelectual, «de derecha» que tiene ya un tono «deslegitimador» .</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Pero no nos interesa quedarnos en el
ámbito de lo estrictamente político material, sino que nos ocuparemos también
de quienes incurren en actos de corrupción, quienes desde una posición
apriorística, ideologizada, postulan que sus ideas son las únicas que deben
primar. Y, más grave aún, es el hecho de que quienes así se pronuncian busquen
hacerlo desde sus posiciones políticas, autocalificándose de intelectuales
amparados en sus títulos universitarios y en sus cargos de alto nivel bien
actuales, como en el pasado. </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <span lang="es-419">Expresado enterminos mas
sencillos: no es suficiente uno tenga un titulo universitario, sepa hablar o
escribir bien y tome como segunda profesion la de actuar a lo Savoronola para
exhibir preseas de intelectual. Algo mas
es requerido,como veremos de seguido. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Definicion de Nozick.</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> -</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">El
filósofo norteamericano </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> Robert </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Nozick,
especialista en problemas de ética, </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> que habia
pasado por la experiencia de estar en
diversas denominaciones politicas , </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">en su</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> libro de madurez </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">«</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Rompecabezas
</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">S</span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">ocrático</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">s</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">»</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> formula </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">como
ideas muy sintéticas las que siguen: </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <span lang="es-419"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">«</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">intelectuales no son sólo todas las
personas inteligentes, con alto grado de educación formal, sino, más bien
quienes trabajan como intermediarios en el flujo de las ideas: novelistas,
poetas, periodistas y académicos, que se encuentran ubicados en puestos claves:
universidades, gobiernos, medios de comunicación. No son intelectuales los que
trabajan con números o conceptos exactos: físicos, matemáticos, químicos, ingenieros,
así como tampoco son intelectuales los artistas, ni los legisladores…</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">»</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">¿Quién es un
«intelectual»?</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Ahora bien, en el mundo capitalista,
en donde los intelectuales gozan de más libertad de expresión para formular sus
ideas , no son –necesariamente- los mejor remunerados, aunque gocen de mucho
reconocimiento, dado que la sociedad capitalista no funciona bajo el principio:
«a cada uno según su mérito o valor», por lo que el mercado premia sólo a
quienes logran satisfacer las necesidades de otros y el tamaño del premio
depende de la demanda que existe por ese producto o servicio.</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <span lang="es-419">C</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">omo
a través de los siglos los intelectuales han evaluado las diferentes
actividades humanas, han sido ellos mismos quienes se han colocado en la cumbre
y, como suelen escribir sobre sus temas preferidos, prácticamente mantienen una
dictadura en esas materias</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: #580A; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> y uno no sabe de antemano si lucir plumas de intelectual es suficiente
para afirmar que lo que se afirme en un determinado asunto sea santa vrdad,toda
vez hay intelectuales que no son justos,sino arbitrarios en sus juicios de
valor.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Estado
de Situación de los Intelectuales</span></b><b><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Definidos provisionalmente </b><b><span lang="es-419">los </span></b><b> conceptos básicos</b><b><span lang="es-419"> sobre el tema de la Intelectualidad ,</span></b><b>
examinemos brevemente el estado de situación en que se mueven los </b><b><span lang="es-419"> que se consideran tales </span></b><b> para definir - posteriormente - algunas reglas
éticas de su comportamiento en torno al tema de la corrupción y nos
encontraremos-de nuevo-con bastantes ambigüedades, y </b><b><span lang="es-419"> es , </span></b><b>que desde los años
veinte del siglo que acaba de terminar, en que aparece la palabra por primera
vez, el término intelectual ha sido objeto de muchas interpretaciones. Veamos
algunas, porque nos van a permitir arribar a conclusiones más concretas</b><b><span lang="es-419"> acerca de su obligado rol
en la sociedad. El examen lo consideramos necesario en razon de que en algunos
actos sociales de nota salen a la palestra publica intelectuales defendiendo o
denostando posiciones y muchas veces no hay objetividad en sus posiciones ,toda
vez estas obedecen mas bien a intereses de naturaleza distinta. Pero no
rejuzguemos,antes hagamos un poco de disccion del termino intelectual,dado que
en esta epoca de redes sociales,cualquier hijo de vecino poseedor de una cuenta
en alguna o varias de ellas, se considera un intelectual y por ello un Magister
Dixit y un Savoronola de paso. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Criterio de Snow</span></b><b>
- El filósofo inglés Snow, en su obra, "Las Dos Culturas", aparecida
en 1959, analiza el término </b><b><span lang="es-419"> bajo analisis </span></b><b>y
divide a las personas merecedoras de este atributo entre "intelectuales de
letras" e "intelectuales de ciencia". Sin embargo advierte que
los profesionales de las letras, se habían apropiado del término,</b><b> <span lang="es-419">por lo que </span></b><b> aboga por una reunión de ambas disciplinas
para evitar la creciente dicotomía entre los dos tipos de conocimiento que
produce cada una. En 1963, el mismo Snow en una segunda edición del libro
citado, señala que, es necesario el nacimiento de una nueva cultura que llene
el vacío de comunicación entre intelectuales de letras e intelectuales de
ciencia, dado que el conocimiento no se puede plantear en forma disyuntiva:
para dejarle las “explicaciones” a los científicos o para dejarle "las
interpretaciones" ” a los letrados</b><b><span lang="es-419">,dado esto se conttituye en una aberracion . <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Y justo p</span></b><b>ara
es</b><b><span lang="es-419">t</span></b><b>as
fechas surge otra tendencia: la ciencia se divide en dos disciplinas: la de los
científicos puros y la de los científicos aplicados. Con ello nace la
tecnología y junto a esta también surge la preocupación en torno a los valores,
a los conceptos de objetividad y de subjetividad. </b><b><span lang="es-419">Y a la </span></b><b>comienza
a aflorar la discusión en torno al impacto en el quehacer de los intelectuales
y del compromiso social de su trabajo. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Criterio de Hodara</span></b><b>-
En 1972, el politólogo israelí Hodara, en su obra "Políticos versus
Técnicos", aboga por la necesidad de que los primeros deben aprender a
tecnificarse, pero sin caer en el frío tecnol</b><b><span lang="es-419">o</span></b><b>gismo</b><b> </b><b>; y los segundos
requieren emprender el esfuerzo por entender que la política consiste en el
arte de tomar decisiones entre dos polos –muchas veces profundamente
antagónicos - de conocimiento y verdad, siendo por lo tanto conocimientos no
necesariamente opuestos, sino complementarios. Para este pensador el compromiso
ético de unos y otros es de diferente naturaleza, pero constituye -en ambos -
una obligación insoslayable.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Criterio de Shils</span></b><b>-
En 1974 , el sociólogo y economista británico Edward Shils , publica la obra “
Los Intelectuales y el Poder”, que permite asomarse , sin sesgos ideológicos
que distorsionan la verdad , a las obras de envergadura producidas por
científicos y pensadores de la talla de Max Weber, T.S. Elliot, Karl Mannheim,
Edward Taine, Jules Romains, Karl Popper </b><b><span lang="es-419">,entre </span></b><b> otros . Y sin que nos lleve a una conclusión
determinante, como si intentaron Marx y Engels, nos hace notar el error de
quienes de consideran o se dicen intelectuales para caer en fanatismos de
diversa índole que les enajena y enturbia la mente y por ende </b><b><span lang="es-419">enturbian </span></b><b> las conclusiones a las que llegan</b><b><span lang="es-419"> apresuradamente munidos
solo de su intelectualismo. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Criterio de Fukuyama</span></b><b>-
En 1987 el sociólogo norteamericano Francis Fukuyama en la obra "El Fin de
la Historia", </b><b><span lang="es-419">que alude a la desaparicion de la URSS y a la hegemenonia que cobra el
Mundo Occidental Capitalista, </span></b><b>señala –desde nuevas perspectivas- algo
que habían intuido otros pensadores cuando afirma : " ...ya los
intelectuales de letras, sobre todo los ideólogos y los políticos, no están en
capacidad de producir más ideas, toda vez que han agotado su capacidad para
definir la historia, dejando entonces a la ciencia el camino libre para
plantear alternativas que deben ser resueltas solo por el mercado.. "</b><b><span lang="es-419"> Obvio que esta vision de
Fukiyama parece ser la contraportada de la vision de Engels en su epoca de oro.
Y asi como sabemos Engels es derruido de su pedestal en los 90,al desparecer la
URSS, ahora la vision de Fukuyama hace aguas por todos lados. Asi que no
recurramos a la politica para sacar de alli intelectualidad,toda vez en su seno
las ideas se obnubilan y tiñen electoramente. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Criterio de Brockman</span></b><b>-
En 1995, el filósofo de la ciencia y periodista cultural norteamericano John
Brockman, en su obra "La Tercera Cultura", plantea que en la escena
intelectual se está produciendo, cada vez con más fuerza, un fenómeno social
que va dejando de lado al "intelectual tradicional" (se refiere al de
letras), para darle importancia únicamente al intelectual científico. Brockman
, señala que por lo menos en lo que se refiere a los intelectuales
norteamericanos tradicionales, estos son "...cada vez más reaccionarios,
con alta frecuencia arrogantes y tercamente ignorantes de muchos de los logros intelectuales
verdaderamente significativos de nuestro tiempo, porque su cultura rechaza la
ciencia, careciendo muchas veces de base empírica para hacerlo y porque viven
haciendo comentarios de comentarios y comentando los comentarios, en los medios
de prensa, en una espiral que se agranda, hasta que pierden de vista el mundo
real ".<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Criterio de Jacoby</span></b><b>
-El profesor norteamericano, Russell Jacoby en su libro "Los Últimos
Intelectuales" en 1997, afirma que: "... el quehacer de todo
intelectual, sea de letras o de ciencias, debe incluir la</b><b> </b><b>comunicación, porque se supone que los
intelectuales no son sólo gente que sabe. Son </b><b><span lang="es-419">tambien -y muy </span></b><b>fundamentalmente </b><b><span lang="es-419">- </span></b><b>personas
que modelan el pensamiento de su generación, porque un intelectual es un
sintetizador, un publicista, un relacionista, en fin un comunicador, al
servicio de la razón "</b><b><span lang="es-419">. Para Jacoby,por tanto un intelectual con camiseta politica y peor aun
electoral partidista es un dinosaurio. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Síntesis
Parcial de la definición de Intelectual</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <span lang="es-419">.</span></span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Aunque se podrían agregar algunas definiciones más
baste con </b><b><span lang="es-419">las mencionadas
</span></b><b>, porque se deduce de los criterios de los autores
citados que si no hay una concordancia total en las inquietudes, al menos si
existe un eje orientador común, casi de Perogrullo: </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">a.- E</span></b><b>l
intelectual es una persona que sabe. Ese saber debe ser puesto al servicio de
la comunidad, porque el poseedor de ideas, el intelectual es un comunicador.</b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">b. Un</span></b><b> comunicador es una
persona que sirve de mediador o de intérprete de la realidad que le circunda y
que describe, según su conocimiento, lo que es esa realidad. </b><b> <span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">c. </span></b><b>Y
de acuerdo con las reglas de la ciencia</b><b><span lang="es-419"> ,</span></b><b> el intelectual, que ya se nos ha
convertido en un comunicador </b><b><span lang="es-419">, </span></b><b>resulta que requiere de usar un solo
instrumento válido para hacerlo: la lógica, no la emoción. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Esto es: debe usar la razón y no el sentimiento.</b><b><span lang="es-419"> Esta vision que es la que
campea en la actualidad se la debemos a un neurocognotivista,ciencia que nos
enseña que detrás de todo el pensamiento y la accion humanas , hay amen de posiciones
que parecen ser racionales,actitudes que son hondamente subjetivas. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Pero resulta
que la verdad es siempre elusiva.En ocasiones harto elusiva,porque inicios del
milenio que cursa un especialista en la nueva ciencia del
Neurocognotivismo,distinta a la que poseian los anteriores autores que henmos
citado nos derruye la definicion.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jose Antonio Damasio</span></b><b><span lang="es-419">,neurocognotivista portugues formula
esta interpretacion postmoderna de lo que es un intelectual,cuando
afirma: </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>a) La idea de que el bastión de la lógica no debe
ser invadido por las emociones y el sentimiento está firmemente establecida
desde Platón hasta Kant; pero tal vez no hubiese sobrevivido de no haber sido
expresada tan vigorosamente por Descartes, quien separó de las emociones a la
razón y apartó a ésta de sus cimientos biológicos reales. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>b) Por supuesto que la escisión cartesiana no es la
causa de las patologías que hoy padece la razón,</b><b> </b><b>pero sí puede
achacarse a aquella lo mucho que el mundo moderno ha tardado en reconocer su
raigambre emocional </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b> c) Cuando se concibe a la razón como carente
de ascendencia biológica, es bastante fácil pasar por alto el papel que en su
funcionamiento desempeñan las emociones. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">d. </span></b><b>Y
concluye </b><b><span lang="es-419">tajante: </span></b><b> no
advertimos que nuestras decisiones presuntamente racionales acaso sean
manejadas por la emoción que se desea mantener a raya. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">e. </span></b><b>No hay
que ignorar el efecto positivo que las emociones bien armonizadas pueden
producir en la búsqueda del conocimiento para emitir juicios de valor</b><b><span lang="es-419"> certeros. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Emoción
y Razón para un Compromiso Socia</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;">l <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">D</span></b><b>e
acuerdo </b><b><span lang="es-419">con </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419">la </span></b><b> visión </b><b><span lang="es-419">postmoderna del neurocognotivista Damasio </span></b><b>qu</b><b><span lang="es-419">ien </span></b><b> desentraña la verdadera naturaleza del
ligamen-razón-emoción</b><b><span lang="es-419"> con la que emitimos juicios </span></b><b>, resulta que la
racionalidad necesaria para que los intelectuales del lado de las letras y los
intelectuales del lado de las ciencias superen esos retos (y que su labor sea
realmente positiva para la comunidad) ha de estar imbuida de los sentimientos y
emociones que brotan de lo más profundo del espíritu, porque la emoción es un
factor integrante de todo proceso discursivo, de todo proceso de interpretación
de la realidad, de todo acto de </b><b><span lang="es-419">interpretacion y de </span></b><b>modificación de la sociedad. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Es por ello que pareciera que los ingentes
esfuerzos provenientes de pensadores de distintas disciplinas </b><b><span lang="es-419"> que ya hemos citado anteriormente, </span></b><b>encuentran
-hasta ahora -una explicación válida para entender el porqué de esa dicotomía
tan peligrosa entre letrados y científicos, entre científicos puros y
tecnólogos, entre técnicos y políticos. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Asi que s</span></b><b>i
la nueva ciencia cognoscitiva tiene la razón, de lo que adolece hoy la
humanidad no es de falta de competencia lógica: hay más bien exceso de ella. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Asi que s</span></b><b>e
adolece más bien, parafraseando a Damasio: “... de una falta de emociones que
informen el despliegue de la lógica.”<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Lección
para los que</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;"> se</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> desenv</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;">uelven</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> en las esferas públicas</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>De estas reflexiones de Damasio se deriva al menos
una lección que lamentablemente no han aprendido quienes se desempeñan en
labores intelectuales o quienes pululan en esos campos sin estar bien
pertrechados para ello: la falta de emoción es tan perniciosa para la
racionalidad como el exceso de emoción. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Ciertamente no parece que la razón salga gananciosa
al actuar sin el influjo de la emoción. Al contrario, es probable que ésta nos
ayude a razonar bien, sobre todo en los asuntos personales y en los sociales,
orientándonos a veces hacia el sector más ventajoso para nosotros dentro del
campo de las decisiones posibles, pero no se requiere que las emociones
sustituyan a la razón o que decidan por nosotros...<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Pero si seguimos el criterio de Damasio y aceptamos
que, efectivamente ya no son válidas las opiniones de todos los autores citados
antes de él, resulta que si la emoción (subjetiva) y la razón (objetiva) se
deben entrelazar para darnos la verdad, estamos enfrentados a un problema más
profundo que el de la simple objetividad, dada la necesidad de bucear lo
verdadero en la complejidad del pensamiento y el quehacer post-modernos. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">No esta de mas
recordar que lo que plantea Damasio </span></b><b>había
sido intuido por el físico judío- alemán Einstein en la </b><b><span lang="es-419">sintetica </span></b><b>frase:
"La ciencia sin religión es coja, la religión sin ciencia es ciega",
con lo cual señalaba con toda claridad la enorme responsabilidad social, que
gravita sobre los intelectuales de uno y otro lado del conocimiento </b><b><span lang="es-419">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Y esto nos coloca de frente a una nueva reflexión,
de carácter ético-social y que constituye el eje de nuestra reflexión : </b><b><span lang="es-419"> Cual debe ser </span></b><b>el compromiso social
de los intelectuales en </b><b><span lang="es-419">el</span></b><b><span lang="es-419"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419">campo de la </span></b><b>política…</b><b><span lang="es-419">?. Y puesto que la politica
no se da en el vacio sino justo en la sociedad…..preguntemonos: Cual es el
compromiso social de los que hacen sus tareas en altos niveles decisirios dela
poitica….? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">¿Qué
es el compromiso social?</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>En la vida práctica de hecho, los científicos y los
letrados, que incursionan en el campo de la política no son personas “in
abstracto”, sino " seres situados” (como lo plantea el pensamiento
cristiano, reflejo de la vieja ética judía). Si, situados en relación con sus
semejantes, en países con intereses determinados y comprometidos en causas que
se constituyen en su propio fin. Esto es la base de la
"ideologización" del quehacer de científicos y de
"letrados", antes de caer en la "politización-electoral "
de sus quehaceres.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">El subjetivismo</span></b><b>-
El problema llegado al punto de la politización –electoral </b><b><span lang="es-419"> y a la labor en funciones de gobierno </span></b><b>es
que las convicciones o certidumbres que el ser humano posee inciden en sus
convicciones. Y sus convicciones le llevan a construir verdades. Pero tales verdades
no son objetivas, son subjetivas, hondamente subjetivas</b><b><span lang="es-419">,amen de parciales.Y
tambien interesadas,no neutras. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b> Ahora bien
si lo que prima es la subjetividad, entonces: ¿en dónde queda la verdad? ; ¿ Y
cuál es entonces la verdad que se comunica al público, a la comunidad, al país?<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">La ideologia.- <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Cuando un científico o, un letrado han tomado una
posición respecto de la sociedad entonces puede afirmarse que han salido del
ámbito de la certeza radical, para caer en el terreno de la ideología. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Y este paso -inevitable- implica que pone en
compromiso, en serio compromiso su ligamen con la verdad, porque todo quehacer,
toda disciplina intelectual está definida por su parcialidad y por su carácter
positivo; es decir, por su acotamiento de una zona de la realidad. Aunque el
conocimiento que se deriva de la ciencia o se extrae de las letras sea
suficiente para sí mismo no son suficientes como conocimiento compartido por
toda la sociedad.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">La deshumanizacion</span></b><b><span lang="es-419">.-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>La vida humana requiere, para ser vivida, la
posesión de una certeza radical y decisiva. Radical, porque en ella han de
radicar las verdades parciales. Decisiva, porque solo ella podrá decidir la
discordia entre unas y otras y construir con ellas una perspectiva justa y
clara. Nuestro tiempo no posee una certeza, en el sentido concreto de que
ninguna creencia vigente cumple esos requisitos; de ahí la hondura de la crisis
que afecta a nuestras sociedades cada vez más tecnologizadas, más </b><b><span lang="es-419">intercomunicadas, muchisimo
mas </span></b><b>globalizada</b><b><span lang="es-419">s pero a la vez cada dia mas insensibles y por ende
menos y menos humanas. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;">El Sentido de la Vida. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Para poder vivir en el ámbito de la verdad el
intelectual necesita</b><b> </b><b>,
pues, una verdad más radical que la que ofrecen los ámbitos acotados de las
letras o de la ciencia. Necesita algo más allá. Requ</b><b><span lang="es-419">iere</span></b><b>
el conocer, o al menos</b><b> </b><b>intuir
</b><b><span lang="es-419">, </span></b><b>cuál
es el sentido de la vida. No es probable que la mayoría de los seres humanos
sean capaces de descubrir</b><b> </b><b>la
</b><b><span lang="es-419"> verdad </span></b><b>por sí mismos; pero
no es menester: podrán recibirla como vivencia, cuando sea descubierta
justificada y evidenciada por algunos. Pero ¿dónde encontrarla? ¿en la ciencia,
o en la filosofía, o en la religión, o bien en la política o aún en el arte?. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>El problema se ubica en que la opción es personal,
pero ,como los intelectuales son comunicadores, esto es ejemplos a seguir, no
sólo por lo que dicen, sino también por lo que hacen, las consecuencias tienen
grandes repercusiones sociales, lo que nos coloca en el ámbito de la ética.
Pero no en el área de la ética como mero ejercicio de la mente, sino en la
ética comprometida en el ámbito de lo social y más particularmente en el ámbito
de la política.</b><b><span lang="es-419"> Si de la politica,algo de lo que huyen los mas preparados , dejando el
campo a los menos preparados, a los ineptos, a los que buscan su bien personal.
Y los que buscan su biern personal en la politica son por simple definicion:
personas corruptas,acepten o no esta definicion. </span></b><b> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ética
social como ejercicio político diario</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Colocados en esta tesitura los intelectuales –y muy
particularmente-quienes incursionan en el área de la política, están obligados
al menos a tres ejercicios éticos si en verdad están comprometidos en una lucha
frontal en contra de la corrupción política :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>1) Es necesario hacer buen uso de la libertad y de
la independencia intelectual. La experiencia es de difícil interpretación, pues
muchas veces hay inclinación a admitir como evidente la primera idea que se
presenta al intelecto, o a tomar por evidencia lo que no es sino resultado de
la familiaridad con ciertos hechos o ideas y aún el amor propio por mantenerlas
sin haberlas verificado. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>2) Además de la independencia se debe poseer el
respeto a la verdad : tener el criterio de que los hechos no pueden explicarse
mediante voluntades sobrenaturales o cualidades ocultas, así como tampoco por
cerrar las puertas a toda manifestación que parezca venida del “espíritu”, para
refugiarse en la comodidad engañosa del materialismo.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>3) La fiel observancia a la objetividad es a su vez
“el fiel de la balanza” lo que implica en el intelectual la posesión y el
despliegue permanente de cualidades morales, entre ellas: la probidad, la
sinceridad, el valor y la perseverancia hacia su trabajo intelectual, pero
fundamentalmente hacia la solidaridad social, el compromiso con el prójimo que
se cristaliza en acciones concretas en la sociedad actual mediante un
enfrentamiento frontal, sin claudicaciones en contra del principal enemigo de
la cohesión social: la corrupción en cualesquiera de sus múltiples formas.</b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;">La Obsolescencia de Maquiavelo.- <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b> Y esto nos
lleva a entender clara y palmariamente que el eje orientador de quienes
participan en política requiere</b><b><span lang="es-419">n</span></b><b> vivir en el ámbito de la verdad,
dejando de lado los fatales consejos de Maquiavelo a su Príncipe, porque en ese
ámbito el “fin que justifica los medios”, no es ético definitivamente. Los
intelectuales sean del sector letras o del sector ciencias, están hoy día
obligados a vivir en contra de la corrupción no importa si su vertiente deriva
del sector privado o del ámbito político.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">¿Cómo
se puede vivir en el ámbito de la verdad</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 16pt;">?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">En los planteos
anteriores hemos tratado de mostrar las
diversas definiciones de intelectual ,dado son personas que por su formacion y
conocimientos, que al vertir sus ideas por medio de publicaciones
diversas son comunicadores por
antonomasia. Y esa tarea social obliga a tener determinados valores que deben
ubicarse en el ambito del Bien
Comun,jamas en el cerrado patio del Bien Personal. Y esto obliga a vivir y a
desplegarse en el mundo de la Verdad. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Como lo humano admite grados y pluralidad de
estratos y dimensiones que se modifican con el tiempo no es posible establecer
reglas fijas que relacionen al ser humano con la verdad; pero gracias a una
generalización de carácter moralista - objetivo es posible pensar que tal
relación se puede lograr en esta época, con una sencilla fórmula, que en 1978
el filósofo español Julián Marías, distinguía con </b><b><span lang="es-419">absoluta </span></b><b>claridad.
Con tanta claridad que </b><b><span lang="es-419">sus sabias palabras estan </span></b><b>escritas
para los </b><b> </b><b>intelectuales</b><b> <span lang="es-419">y –de paso –tambien para los
politicos </span></b><b>de esta época</b><b><span lang="es-419">.Nos dice el filosofo: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vivir en el ámbito de la verdad</span></b><b>-
Esto acontece siempre que una persona vive apoyándose en un repertorio de
verdaderas creencias, en las cuales está auténticamente encarnada su
existencia. Ese repertorio puede ser angosto o amplísimo, tosco o preciso; en
todo caso, el hombre descansa sobre ese supuesto, del cual es realmente
solidario, y vive -entonces- en rigurosa autenticidad.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Vivir en el horizonte de la verdad- Esto acontece
cuando se </b><b><span lang="es-419">indaga </span></b><b> la verdad, buscándola en la medida en que no
se la tiene o resulta deficiente. Naturalmente, la verdad que se pretende y
busca será de otra índole que la anterior; no una verdad en que “se está” o
creencia en sentido estricto, sino una verdad a la que “se llega”<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vivir al margen de la verdad</span></b><b>-
Esta es una situación que es mucho más frecuente que las dos anteriores, porque
son mayoría las épocas en que el sistema de creencias está, por lo menos,
agrietado y trunco, y son muy pocas las personas capaces de la violenta
distensión requerida por la indagación de la verdad y esta posibilidad no tiene
nunca carácter social (y ésta es una de sus peculiaridades). Lamentablemente
esta forma de vida, que es la de la inmensa mayoría de los hombres, incluso de
los intelectuales de profesión es la vida en la verosimilitud; y, por supuesto,
su raíz última es la frivolidad y el esnobismo oportunista.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vivir en contra de la verdad</span></b><b>-
Esta es una situación extremadamente anormal y paradójica, pero por diversas
distorsiones históricas y sociales ha dominado en la humanidad. La
ideologización facilita el engaño y la politización lo oficializa; en
consecuencia, se afirma y quiere la falsedad a sabiendas y se la acepta
tácticamente. En torno al último punto el filósofo es tajante afirmando: “Hay
en el mundo actual múltiples temas - que están en la mente de todos y no es
menester enunciar: ” Y es preciso preguntándose: ¿Por qué esta voluntaria
adscripción a la mentira en cuanto tal? Y Marías se contesta: "La razón no
es demasiado oculta: en el fondo, se trata simplemente del miedo a la
verdad".<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">El
aquí y el ahora nos coloca de frente a tres reflexiones-acciones </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Quienes se autocalifican de intelectuales y además
le ponen el adjetivo de “izquierda” parece que viven en el pasado, cerrando
ojos y oídos al hecho de que en la actualidad no hay canon o lista oficial de
ideas aceptables u "oficiales". </b><b><span lang="es-419"> Y conste no
nos referiremos a los intelectuales que provengan del sector de de la
derecha,toda vez sabemos que casi no los hay pues su intelecto lo dedican preferencialmente
a hacer dinero por medio de empresas,al margen,por tanto de las inquietudes
globales.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Asi v</span></b><b>ivimos
en el mercado de las ideas que mutan día a día, al son de la moda, la
publicidad, las relaciones entre los productores y los consumidores, en donde
no queda a salvo nada del mundo de la comunicación que se nutre de esa
“información” ya distorsionada para reciclarse y volver a introducirse en
nuestro discurrir diario. Esa mutación diaria obliga a tener en cuenta:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Primero:</span></b><b> La cultura emergente
que se está imponiendo, estriba precisamente en que admite desacuerdos acerca
de las ideas que merecen tomarse en serio. A diferencia de los intereses
intelectuales previos, radicalizados, las propuestas que provengan de los
intelectuales ,sean de letras o de ciencia, no son ya disputas marginales sino
que trascienden el ámbito de lo local, o lo continental y en virtud del llamado
“efecto Mariposa” (en donde el batir de alas de un insecto en el Amazonas
sumado a otros factores crea distorsiones climáticas en Europa, por ejemplo) </b><b><span lang="es-419"> lo que </span></b><b>terminar</b><b><span lang="es-419">a </span></b><b>afectando
las vidas de todos los habitantes del Planeta. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Y es así, porque –irremediablemente- es necesario
reiterarlo, el quehacer del intelectual incluye la comunicación y ella puede
ser o el "pegamento de la sociedad", o el "ácido que la
corroe", según se la utilice y los valores o antivalores que la originen.
Esto es, un intelectual al momento de exponer una idea puede incurrir en un
acto profundamente ético o por lo contrario puede también entrar en colisión
con ella.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Segundo:</span></b><b> Las ideas emergentes
de los intelectuales no deben ceñirse a la reiteración oportunista de verdades
obsoletas, por lo contrario, deben surgir del conocimiento y de la aplicación
de la amalgama de acciones globalizantes en que se mezclan las disciplinas del
conocimiento en áreas como la biología evolutiva, la genética, la informática,
la neurofisiología, la psicología, la biología, la física; y asimismo de las
provenientes de la economía, la religión, la antropología, el derecho. Y por
supuesto que todo ello concurre en la política, y sobre todo en ella, porque </b><b><span lang="es-419">la politica </span></b><b>es
</b><b><span lang="es-419">su verdadero
sentido es </span></b><b>un
hipercontexto que baña todo el quehacer societario. </b><b> <span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">De esta
caracteristica de la politica es facil sacar una conclusion: quienes entren a
ese campo no pueden ser ignorantes, falseadores, manipuladores, mentirosos,
deshonestos, porque si lo son la politica no debe ser su techo,menos su
nido. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tercero:</span></b><b> Para quien se
autocalifique de intelectual y deba “pontificar” sobre el orden político en que
visualiza encasillada a una sociedad dada, es necesario darse cuenta que las
“verdades” de antaño, han quedado encasilladas, ahogadas por los nuevos
conocimientos y no son aplicables hoy en día, por lo que debe partirse de una
nueva filosofía omni- comprensiva que de origen a un nuevo conjunto de
paradigmas. Es necesario entender-digámoslo claramente- que las definiciones
absolutistas del marxismo ,como las del capita</b><b><span lang="es-419">l</span></b><b>ismo </b><b><span lang="es-419">,por mas aggiornamientos que reciban
intelectualmente, en la practica real </span></b><b>han quedado
groseramente al margen de ser “Verdades” y no pueden seguir aplicándose urbi et
orbe al ámbito de lo social sin entender que han surgido nuevos conocimientos que
dejan esos “paradigmas” fuera de la actualidad del conocimiento.</b><b> <span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cuarto:</span></b><b><span lang="es-419"> A lo anterior aluden con
criterio realmente modernos dos pensadores politicos ,cuyas ideas de vanguardia
deben ser tomadas en cuenta, aunque lamentablemene sean mucho menos conocidas
que los planteos que se hicieron en el pasado y que se siguen repetiendo al
estilo loro en los extremos del espectro
politico. Estos dos pensadores son el frances Alan Touraine y el polaco Sygmund
Baumann,que coinciden,partiendo de experiencias vitales distintas a la nueva
sociedad en la que vivimos,la que tiene estas caracteristicas definitorias que
hacen dificil compaginar la rigidez de las leyes con la movilidad de las
actuaciones societales. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">1. Las verdades
de ayer ya no son conocidas ni practicadas.Han nacido nuevas costumbres y la </span><span style="background: white;">sociedad </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">ya no
es rigidas ,sino </span><span style="background: white;">líquida</span></b><b><span style="background: white;"> <span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">2. Las </span><span style="background: white;"> realidades sólidas de nuestros abuelos, como
el trabajo y el matrimonio para toda la vida, se han desvanecido. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">3. Lo anterior ha
cedido paso a </span><span style="background: white;"> un mundo más precario, provisional, ansioso de
novedades y, con frecuencia, agotador. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">4.-</span><span style="background: white;">Todo cambia de un momento a otro, somos
conscientes de que somos cambiables y por lo tanto tenemos miedo de fijar nada
para siempre. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">5.-Esta liquidez
societaria parece invitar a algunos a no sujetarse a la cotidianeidad,sino a </span><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">practicrar </span><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">la flexibilidad de todo y en todo.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">6.-El resultado es
no </span><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">estar </span><span style="background: white;"> comprometido con nada para siempre, sino listo
para cambiar la sintonía, la mente, en cualquier momento en que sea requerido. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">7.-S</span><span style="background: white;">entimos la desagradable experiencia de ser
incapaces de cambiar nada</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">:</span><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">s</span><span style="background: white;">omos un conjunto de individuos con buenas intenciones, pero
que entre sus intenciones y diseños y la realidad hay mucha distancia. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;">8.El resultado
colectivo final es que t</span><span style="background: white;">odos
sufrimos ahora más que en cualquier otro momento la falta absoluta de agentes,
de instituciones colectivas capaces de actuar efectivamente</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="background: white;"> ,lo que crea un efecto sinergico lo
que nos hace menos responsables ante lo que es el Bien Comun. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">El
nuevo contexto Mente-Planeta-Universo</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Comenzamos afirmando que la corrupción en el ámbito
de la política consiste en que ,desde el ámbito de lo privado o desde el ámbito
de lo público se confund</b><b><span lang="es-419">e</span></b><b> groseramente el Bien Personal con el
Bien Común ,pero ahora podemos decir que de la misma manera: quien se
autocalifique de intelectual ,para serlo con justicia debe estar en capacidad
de no confundir burdamente sus ideas apriorísticas y obsoletas con aquella
aproximación a la verdad que surge cuando se entiende - acertadamente - como es
que funcionan nuestras mentes, en sus complejas interacciones con la sociedad,
el Planeta y aun con el Universo. Quien no posea esta capacidad-aunque se siga
autocalificando de intelectual está inmerso en el error </b><b><span lang="es-419">. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>El intelectual de estas fechas, para
autocalificarse como tal -despojándose de mitos- debe estar en capacidad de
emitir criterios sobre los mecanismos de auto-organización que pueden funcionar
en niveles locales, pero entendiendo- a su vez- que en su conjunto el desorden
del Universo aumenta de acuerdo con la segunda ley de la termodinámica, que
requiere aplicarse tanto a lo físico, como al tejido de lo social. Y aunque
parezca especulativo todo intelectual que se califique de tal, debe estar
actualmente en capacidad de entender términos como “pléctica", concepto
acuñado por el físico norteamericano Murray Gell-Mann (Nobel de física en
1969), uniendo los conceptos de simplicidad y complejidad , para definir que lo
</b><b><span lang="es-419">que </span></b><b>nos
rodea sea material o abstracto , procede de reglas muy simples que van desde un
orden inicial hasta la inclusión del azar , asociado con la indeterminación y
además evoluciona</b><b><span lang="es-419">ndo </span></b><b>, en múltiples formas </b><b><span lang="es-419">,</span></b><b>hacia
lo complejo</b><b><span lang="es-419">,por lo cual
hay un baño constante de caos en lo social. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 16pt;">NOCION POSTMODERNA DE INTELECTUAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">En los partes anteriores hemos ido refiriendo como ha ido
cambiando el concepto de lo que es un intelectual y de lo que son sus funciones
ideales en una sociedad dada. En esta ultima parte-con la que cerramos el tema
nos referiremos a unas pocas ideas que recogen inquietudes finales en torno a<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">lo que es la
Corrupcion-que lamentablemente campea mas y mas en nuestro mundo,asi como a la
obligacion de los Intelectuales de comprender que en su rol de comunicadores
deben vivir en el ambito de la Verdad y que ello obliga-indefectiblemente a emprender acciones con total honestidad y sin ideas
distorsionantes propias del ambito de
politicas partidistas mal
enfocadas hacia las satisfacciones del Bien Personal,encimadas en el Bien
Comun. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Invitación
a la Reflexión: Juzguemos el pensamiento</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>El breve periplo que hemos hecho por el ámbito de
las ideas en torno al rol de los intelectuales y su contexto cambiante, nos ha
permitido llegar casi al final de las reflexiones, pero no, ciertamente, de la
búsqueda que las inspira. Ésta debe continuar porque el quehacer de los
intelectuales se da, actualmente en un contexto social ciertamente complejo,
crítico y crucial que a veces parece crear un distanciamiento entre las
construcciones intelectuales ( que a los no iniciados en estos campos se les
antojan frías, sistematizadas, y en lenguaje a veces poco accesible) y por ello
en aparente contradicción con la vida cotidiana de las personas. La
intelectualidad resulta, en tal tesitura, para el común de los mortales, no
sólo incomprensiva, sino también, lejana.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 14pt;">Debemos recordar de forma contante y sin claudicaciones que: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>La característica más importante del ser humano no
es su pensamiento, puesto que esta particularidad se da en la escala animal a
diferentes profundidades. Lo esencial es su capacidad para reflexionar; para
trascender el pensamiento puramente objetivo del animal y juzgar tanto el
conocimiento como su propio pensamiento respecto a éste. La capacidad de
desprenderse del pensamiento para analizarlo y juzgarlo es un acto de reflexión
que posee características intelectuales y éticas y que lleva, necesariamente a
un comportamiento moral.</b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>De ello se deriva que la condición del ser humano
es la de un ser que está presente, pero nunca enteramente “dado a sí” es decir
nunca acabado o completo; siempre está en la disyuntiva de que no “es”; de que
es “creado” pero a la vez de que se “hace a sí mismo” pero no en un acto
aislado, sino con sus congéneres.</b><b> </b><b>En el proceso de pensar sus
pensamientos, la reflexión del intelectual debe-entonces- conducirle a conocer
- además de su propia interpretación acerca de su naturaleza, del mundo que le
rodea y del Universo - otras interpretaciones que pueden interesarle y
satisfacerle o no.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Hay que
mantener la mente abierta, rechazando
los apriorismos del pasado. </span></b><b>Todo dependerá - en
buena parte - de que </b><b><span lang="es-419">la </span></b><b>reflexión sea “escrupulosa y sin
apriorismos”. </b><b><span lang="es-419"> Si bien </span></b><b>estas
son condiciones difíciles de satisfacer, </b><b><span lang="es-419">son</span></b><b> necesarias para comparar e incorporar
al conocimiento de previo a desechar otro conocimiento. Este proceso es una
verdadera selección en donde la fe, la lógica, la razón, la intuición y la
experiencia de vida, como elementos disyuntivos, a veces, o conjuntivos, otras,
pueden ser </b><b><span lang="es-419">complementarios
u opuestos,pero no ignorados. </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>De qué manera y cuándo participan de una u otra
característica, dependerá de una elección para integrar un proceso de reflexión
que a su vez será inacabado, pero siempre permanente. O expresado de otra
manera: el intelectual debe ser de mente abierta y por tanto humanista y
humilde en el más profundo sentido de la palabra. Quien obre de distinta manera
está cayendo no solo en la tiranía del pensamiento (además obsoleto) </b><b> </b><b>,
sino en la arrogancia que caracteriza al ignorante</b><b><span lang="es-419">,aunque en su reduccionismo
se considere un Magister Dixit,lo que lleva-indiscutiblemente a tener una
posicion a lo Saoronola. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Si se tiene la capacidad de mantener siempre la </span></b><b>Libertad de Selección</b><b><span lang="es-419"> en busca de la Verdad no hay que </span></b><b>conceder
espacio a las explicaciones falsas </b><b><span lang="es-419">o interesadas . </span></b><b><span lang="es-419"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419">Asi lo explicaba sencillamente </span></b><b>dos mil años</b><b><span lang="es-419"> atrás, </span></b><b> un judío universal, Jesucristo : “Sólo la
verdad os hará libres. </b><b> </b><b>Y en efecto, sólo la
verdad hace libre al ser humano para optar por una salida a tono con la
responsabilidad de ser .</b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="es-419">U</span></b><b>na
viejísima y breve anécdota nos ilustre el camino del compromiso de los
intelectuales que incursionan en la </b><b><span lang="es-419">vida publica para combatir la </span></b><b>corrupción
</b><b><span lang="es-419"> que nos carcome dia a dia.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>Se dice que cuando Sócrates describía a su
discípulo Glauco la forma de vida y la sociedad ideales en las que el creía,
éste le dijo</b><b><span lang="es-419"> interrumpiendole </span></b><b>: “</b><b><span lang="es-419"> Pero </span></b><b>Sócrates: no creo que
exista esa Ciudad de Dios en ningún lugar de la Tierra “ </b><b><span lang="es-419">. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Y Sócrates le comentó: ... </b><b>“Exista
o no tal ciudad en el cielo o exista alguna vez sobre la Tierra, el hombre
sabio debe vivir según las costumbres de esa ciudad, sin tener nada que ver con
otras; porque aspirando a vivir en la Ciudad de Dios, pondrá en orden su propia
casa...”<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>En cuanto al tema que nos ocupa, podríamos abordar
el punto desde perspectivas complementarias, pero una primera lección que
debiéramos aplicar es ésta:</b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>a.- Hay reglas de objetividad que debemos tratar de
mantener, que nos obliga a mantenernos actualizados en el conocimiento para
reunir datos e ideas que puedan ser confirmadas por otras.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>b.- Es necesario adoptar como actitud permanente el
poner en tela de juicio lo que se conoce y la forma en que se llega a ese
conocimiento.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>c.- Requerimos mantener intacta la capacidad para
enmendar, rectificar o comenzar de nuevo y el valor para proseguir,
independientemente de que nos guste o no.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>d.- Pasar de la información al conocimiento implica
tener que llegar a comprender y hacerlo parte de la premisa de tener que
aceptar o rechazar en pleno ejercicio de libertad, sin sujeciones a dogmas
ideológicas ¨ y mucho menos acotados en visiones de partidos políticos nacidos
al influjo de ideas caducas.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Conclusión</span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;">: </span></b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="es-419">Si </span></b><b> encontramos que el camino a que nos obliga esa
intelectualidad es muy complicado, también es fácil y sencillo encontrar el
camino si nos perdemos: no valoremos solo atenidos a nuestro raciocinio humano,
tampoco lo hagamos uncidos por la emoción humana, porque ambos métodos son
engañosos...</b><b><span lang="es-419" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Simple y sencillamente emitamos juicios cada vez
más veraces basándonos en lo que nos dicte la conciencia, ahuyentado el
oportunismo. Y mientras llegamos a la verdad, tengamos claro un mandato
fundamentado en el amor y la solidaridad humana, que se constituye -per se- en
la mejor receta de lucha contra la corrupción: ¡Vivamos cada día construyendo
la Ciudad de Dios! Y –por ende- vivamos menos viendo los errores de los “otros”
cuando los nuestros son iguales o superiores a los de ellos, sea por exceso de
razón o por exceso de emoción. </b><b><span lang="es-419"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">MSc. Jorge
Poveda<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="es-419">Octubre 2017<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-66573773496487695722017-07-15T13:46:00.000-07:002017-07-15T13:57:03.859-07:00ASI FUNCIONA LA GUARDIA NACIONAL BOLIVARIANA EN VENEZUELA <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">SIN PALABRAS .......SOLO VEA Y JUZGUE:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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Brutal agresión de policías y militares a un joven en Venezuela</h1>
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<time class="story-leaf-datetime" data-timestamp="1500122966000" datetime="2017-07-15T14:49:26.000+02:00" itemprop="dateModified" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; display: inline; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 0.875rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">15/07/2017 14:17 | Actualizado a 15/07/2017 14:49</time><br />
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Un vídeo publicado en las redes sociales muestra una brutal <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agresión </span>de <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">policías </span>y <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">militares </span>a un joven en <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Venezuela</span>. La exdiputada y opositora al régimen, María Corina Machado, ha difundidos las imágenes en su cuenta de Twitter y denunció la intervención de los miembros de la Guardia Nacional Bolivariana (GNB) y la Policía Nacional Bolivariana (PNB).</div>
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“Toda la brutalidad de la tiranía se derrumba frente a la dignidad de un solo hombre”, sentenció Corina, coordinadora de Vente Venezuela</div>
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En el vídeo, se ve como policías y militares rodean al joven y empiezan a golpearles con porras, cascos y escudos hasta que cae al suelo, donde recibe también patadas. Entonces los agentes intentan llevárselo en motocicleta, pero el joven se resiste y de nuevo vuelve a ser golpeado.</div>
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<a aria-label="María Corina Machado (nombre de pantalla: MariaCorinaYA)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/MariaCorinaYA" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/851048131022258176/ImxWeSlj_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/851048131022258176/ImxWeSlj_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/851048131022258176/ImxWeSlj_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span></a><br />
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<a aria-label="María Corina Machado (nombre de pantalla: MariaCorinaYA)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/MariaCorinaYA" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
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Toda la BRUTALIDAD de la tiranía se derrumba frente a la dignidad de un solo hombre.</div>
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<a class="u-linkBlend u-url customisable-highlight long-permalink" data-datetime="2017-07-14T20:57:07+0000" data-scribe="element:full_timestamp" href="https://twitter.com/MariaCorinaYA/status/885966412296138752" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">14:57 - 14 Jul 2017</a></div>
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">31.396</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">31.396 Retweets</span></a></li>
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">11.008</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">11.008 me gusta</span></a></li>
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En las redes sociales, identificaron al joven como Gianni Scovino y varios usuarios aseguraban que tiene síndrome de Asperger.</div>
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Los hechos tuvieron lugar el jueves en la ciudad de <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lechería</span>, en el estado de Anzoátegui. Incluso el <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">defensor </span>del <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: TiemposText-Semibold; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pueblo</span>, Tarek Wiliam Saab, condenó la actuación policial y militar y ha pedido que se abra una investigación.</div>
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<a aria-label="Tarek William Saab (nombre de pantalla: TarekWiliamSaab)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/TarekWiliamSaab" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875573254504697856/xHVYhuv5_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875573254504697856/xHVYhuv5_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875573254504697856/xHVYhuv5_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Tarek William Saab">Tarek William Saab</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span></a><br />
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<a aria-label="Tarek William Saab (nombre de pantalla: TarekWiliamSaab)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/TarekWiliamSaab" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
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5) En tal sentido nos hemos comunicado con Comandante Gral de la GNB M/G Sergio Rivero, a objeto de iniciar las averiguaciones a q hubiera</div>
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<a class="u-linkBlend u-url customisable-highlight long-permalink" data-datetime="2017-07-14T22:16:23+0000" data-scribe="element:full_timestamp" href="https://twitter.com/TarekWiliamSaab/status/885986360666062848" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;">16:16 - 14 Jul 2017</a></div>
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</div>
</a></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--retweetEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:retweet" href="https://twitter.com/intent/retweet?tweet_id=885986360666062848" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Retwittear" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retwittear">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">60</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">60 Retweets</span></a></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--heartEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:heart" href="https://twitter.com/intent/like?tweet_id=885986360666062848" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Me gusta" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Me gusta">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">22</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">22 me gusta</span></a></li>
</ul>
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Por su parte, desde la ONG Foro Penal han denunciado que el joven estaría detenido y no permitían que lo visitaran los abogados de los derechos humanos.</div>
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Estas imágenes se difunden después de que a finales de junio un joven manifestante falleciera tras recibir disparos a quemarropa por parte de un agente de la Guardia Nacional. El país se encuentra inmerso en el proceso constituyente que impulsa el Gobierno venezolana. Este domingo los venezolanos expresarán su apoyo o rechazo a la Constituyente propuesta por el presidente, Nicolás Madruo, en una consulta convocada por la oposición. Por otro lado, el 30 de julio están previstas las elecciones para elegir la Asamblea Nacional Constituyen impulsada por el régimen que buscar redactar una nueva Carta Magna.</div>
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Los hechos tuvieron lugar el jueves en la ciudad de Lechería, en el estado de Anzoátegui</div>
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<br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-22256561254063425872017-06-06T16:21:00.001-07:002017-06-06T16:21:58.014-07:00LA PARTITURA DE CASTRO EN CUBA es hoy ...........l.<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">EL RE- ESTRENO DE MADURO</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">en VENEZUELA ............</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PwjypPwWHc8/WTc3RywS6AI/AAAAAAABRLU/I8WhfbfHrD8Dz2bnsEQhQNyhTbseV5jlgCLcB/s1600/111.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="960" height="474" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PwjypPwWHc8/WTc3RywS6AI/AAAAAAABRLU/I8WhfbfHrD8Dz2bnsEQhQNyhTbseV5jlgCLcB/s640/111.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">Fuente: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">América 2.1 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Autor: </span></span><a href="http://americanuestra.com/maduro-su-tribunal-siguiendo-las-direcciones-de-raul-castro-caricatura/#" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; color: #1c6f8b; display: inline !important; font-family: Play, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color, color 0.2s linear; vertical-align: baseline;">Omar Santana - El Nuevo Herald</a></div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-7086153888489133982017-06-02T10:39:00.000-07:002017-06-02T10:39:48.507-07:00El Fin del Mundo......<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">EL FIN DEL MUNDO...</span></div>
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<b>Portada del Semanario Der Spiegel, Alemania. </b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vr0OuBV71Qo/WTGg9I2W6xI/AAAAAAABRJw/JXgKRvzQuNY2sty3LMLxjoFT2Fy6To9qACLcB/s1600/unnamed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="480" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vr0OuBV71Qo/WTGg9I2W6xI/AAAAAAABRJw/JXgKRvzQuNY2sty3LMLxjoFT2Fy6To9qACLcB/s640/unnamed.jpg" width="483" /></a></div>
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LA DECISIÓN DEL PRESIDENTE TRUMP DE USA </div>
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DE SALIR DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS RELATIVO</div>
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A LAS OBLIGACIONES DE CADAS PAÍS PARA</div>
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AFRONTAR EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO VA A</div>
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TENER DESASTROSAS CONSECUENCIAS </div>
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SEGÚN HAN ADVERTIDO LOS CIENTÍFICOS</div>
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DE TODO EL MUNDO,INCLUYENDO A LOS</div>
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CIENTÍFICOS NORTEAMERICANOS.</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
AMEN. </div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-1583170498123158542017-01-25T08:38:00.000-08:002017-01-25T08:38:26.521-08:00<h1 class="content__headline js-score" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #efefec; color: #333333; font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web", "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: 200; line-height: 2.5rem; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 2.25rem; padding-right: 2.5rem; padding-top: 0.375rem;">
Frightened by Donald Trump? You don’t know the half of it......</h1>
<div class="byline-img" style="background-color: #efefec; bottom: 0px; color: #333333; float: right; font-family: "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; height: 11.25rem; position: absolute; right: 5rem; width: 0px; z-index: 2;">
<img alt="George Monbiot" class="byline-img__img" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/contributor/2015/7/9/1436429159376/George-Monbiot-L.png?w=300&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=6c9adff6f7456e3cfc723449d74c95bb" style="border: 0px; height: 180px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #e6711b; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;"><span class="content__headline content__headline--byline" style="background-color: #efefec; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web", "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 2.25rem; line-height: 2.5rem; margin-top: -2.25rem; padding-bottom: 1.5rem; padding-right: 2.5rem; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: none;"><span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="tone-colour" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/georgemonbiot" itemprop="sameAs" rel="author" style="background: transparent; color: #e6711b; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">George Monbiot</a></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #e6711b; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">Y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">es, Donald Trump’s politics
are incoherent. But those who surround him know just what they want, and his
lack of clarity enhances their power. To understand what is coming, we need to
understand who they are. I know all too well, because I have spent the past 15
years fighting them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Over this time, I have watched as tobacco, coal,
oil, chemicals and biotech companies have poured billions of dollars into an
international misinformation machine composed of think tanks, bloggers and fake
citizens’ groups. Its purpose is to portray the interests of billionaires as
the interests of the common people, to wage war against trade unions and beat
down attempts to regulate business and tax the very rich. Now the people who
helped run this machine are shaping the government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EFEFEC; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> Trump’s climate
denial is just one of the forces that point towards war<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">I first encountered the machine when writing about
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campaigners seemed incomprehensible until I realised they were fake: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/sep/19/ethicalliving.g2"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the hatred had been
paid for</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. The bloggers and institutes whipping up this anger were funded by oil
and coal companies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Among those I clashed with was Myron Ebell of the
Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The CEI calls itself a thinktank, but
looks to me like a corporate lobbying group. It is not transparent about its
funding, but we now know it has received </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">$2m from ExxonMobil</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">more than $4m</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> from a group called
the Donors Trust (which </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/09/secretive-donors-gave-us-climate-denial-groups-125m-over-three-years"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">represents various
corporations and billionaires</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">), </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">$800,000 from groups
set up by the tycoons Charles and David Koch</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, and </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">substantial sums from
coal, tobacco and pharmaceutical companies</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">For years, Ebell and the CEI have attacked efforts
to limit climate change, through lobbying, lawsuits and campaigns. An </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sGKvDNdJNA"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">advertisement released by the
institute</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> had the punchline “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution. We call
it life.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It has sought to eliminate funding for
environmental education, lobbied against the Endangered Species Act, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2014/08/25/why-defamation-suit-against-climate-denialists-is-the-right-move/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">harried climate
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removal by coal companies. In 2004, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2014/08/25/why-defamation-suit-against-climate-denialists-is-the-right-move/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ebell sent a memo to
one of George W Bush’s staffers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> calling for the head
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</v:shape><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F6F6F6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This purports to be a grassroots campaign, but it
was </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/covert-operations"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">founded and funded by
the Koch brothers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. It set up the first Tea Party Facebook page and
organised the first Tea Party events. With a budget of hundreds of millions of
dollars, AFP has campaigned ferociously on issues that coincide with the Koch
brothers’ commercial interests in oil, gas, minerals, timber and chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">In Michigan, it helped force through the “right to
work bill”, in pursuit of what </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://thinkprogress.org/koch-front-group-americans-for-prosperity-take-the-unions-out-at-the-knees-54dbc16a794#.6mfxr1f64"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">AFP’s local director
called “taking the unions out at the knees”</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. It has campaigned
nationwide against action on climate change. It has </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Americans_for_Prosperity"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">poured hundreds of
millions of dollars</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> into unseating the politicians who won’t do
its bidding and replacing them with those who will.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">I could fill this newspaper with the names of Trump
staffers who have emerged from such groups: people such as </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.texaspolicy.com/experts/detail/doug-domenech"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doug Domenech</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, from the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Texas Public
Policy Foundation, funded among others by the Koch brothers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, Exxon and the Donors
Trust; </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Barry_Bennett_%28Virginia%29"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Barry Bennett, whose Alliance for
America’s Future</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> (</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2015/05/roves-new-group-isnt-new-and-that-could-be-the-point/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">now called One Nation</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">) refused to disclose its
donors when challenged; and </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://americanenergyalliance.org/staff/thomas-pyle/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thomas Pyle, president of the
American Energy Alliance,</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Energy_Alliance"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">funded by Exxon and
others</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This is to say nothing of Trump’s own crashing conflicts of interest.
Trump promised to “drain the swamp” of the lobbyists and corporate stooges
working in Washington. But it looks as if the only swamps he’ll drain will be
real ones, as his team launches its war on the natural world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2016/nov/23/how-far-is-too-far-for-donald-trump-video"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">How far is too far for
Donald Trump?</span></b></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Understandably, there has been plenty of coverage
of the racists and white supremacists empowered by Trump’s victory. But,
gruesome as they are, they’re peripheral to the policies his team will develop.
It’s almost comforting, though, to focus on them, for at least we know who they
are and what they stand for. By contrast, to penetrate the corporate
misinformation machine is to enter a world of mirrors. Spend too long trying to
understand it, and the hyporeality vortex will inflict serious damage on your
state of mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Don’t imagine that other parts of the world are
immune. Corporate-funded thinktanks and fake grassroots groups are now
everywhere. The fake news we should be worried about is not </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.channel4.com/news/fake-news-in-macedonia-who-is-writing-the-stories"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">stories invented by
Macedonian teenagers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> about Hillary Clinton selling arms to Islamic
State, but the constant feed of confected scares about unions, tax and
regulation drummed up by groups that won’t reveal their interests.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The less transparent they are, the more airtime
they receive. The organisation Transparify runs an annual survey of thinktanks. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://onthinktanks.org/initiatives/transparify/transparify-2016-report/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This year’s survey
reveals</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> that in the UK only four thinktanks – the Adam Smith Institute,
Centre for Policy Studies, Institute of Economic Affairs and Policy Exchange –
“still consider it acceptable to take money from hidden hands behind closed
doors”. And these are the ones that are all over the media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">When the Institute of Economic Affairs, as it so
often does, appears on the BBC to argue against regulating tobacco, shouldn’t
we be told that </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jun/01/thinktanks-big-tobacco-funds-smoking"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">it has been funded by
tobacco companies</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.tobaccotactics.org/index.php/IEA:_History_of_Close_Ties_with_the_Tobacco_Industry"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">since 1963</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">? </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://onthinktanks.org/initiatives/transparify/transparify-2016-report/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There’s a similar
pattern in the US</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">: the most vocal groups tend to be the most opaque.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">As usual, the left and centre (myself included) are
beating ourselves up about where we went wrong. There are plenty of answers,
but one of them is that we have simply been outspent. Not by a little, but by
orders of magnitude. A few billion dollars spent on persuasion buys you all the
politics you want. Genuine campaigners, working in their free time, simply
cannot match a professional network staffed by thousands of well-paid,
unscrupulous people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">You cannot confront a power until you know what it
is. Our first task in this struggle is to understand what we face. Only then
can we work out what to do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Twitter: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://twitter.com/GeorgeMonbiot"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">@GeorgeMonbiot</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. A fully linked version of
this column will be published at </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.monbiot.com/">monbiot.com</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Link> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/30/donald-trump-george-monbiot-misinformation?CMP=share_btn_link</span></span></div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-3481520251453931072016-12-01T14:39:00.001-08:002016-12-01T14:39:38.278-08:00Post-truth: a guide for the perplexed..When politicians can lie withouth condemnation<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">
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<b><i><span style="color: #a1aeb7; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; text-transform: uppercase;">NATURE</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #a1aeb7; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; text-transform: uppercase;"> <span class="m_-2198739490855743591gmail-m-6943490882683298674gmail-divider">|</span> <span class="m_-2198739490855743591gmail-m-6943490882683298674gmail-type">COLUMN: WORLD VIEW</span><u></u><u></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 21.5pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Post-truth: a guide for the perplexed<u></u><u></u></span></h1>
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<b>If politicians can lie without condemnation, what are scientists to do? </b></div>
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<b><span class="m_-2198739490855743591gmail-m-6943490882683298674gmail-vcard"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.nature.com/news/post-truth-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-1.21054?WT.ec_id%3DNATURE-20161201%26spMailingID%3D52887839%26spUserID%3DMjA1NzY2MTMxMwS2%26spJobID%3D1048432263%26spReportId%3DMTA0ODQzMjI2MwS2%23auth-1&source=gmail&ust=1480716620844000&usg=AFQjCNFjrtHSdpodsBWkS2SMWtc8AyvfwA" href="http://www.nature.com/news/post-truth-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-1.21054?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20161201&spMailingID=52887839&spUserID=MjA1NzY2MTMxMwS2&spJobID=1048432263&spReportId=MTA0ODQzMjI2MwS2#auth-1" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #5c7996; text-decoration: none;">Kathleen Higgins</span></a></span> offers some explanation.<u></u><u></u></b></div>
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28 November 2016<u></u><u></u></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Oxford Dictionaries named ‘post-truth’ as their 2016 Word of the Year. It must sound alien to scientists. Science’s quest for knowledge about reality presupposes the importance of truth, both as an end in itself and as a means of resolving problems. How could truth become passé?<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Related stories<u></u><u></u></span></h1>
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<u></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/539331a&source=gmail&ust=1480716620847000&usg=AFQjCNGJ_zZWp1792TP74SRpcsX_WKxzJQ" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/539331a" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #5c7996; text-decoration: none;">Science and innovation policies for Donald Trump</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<u></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2016.20966&source=gmail&ust=1480716620847000&usg=AFQjCNExGCsRtyF4I2chphQuCiwrYzZMNg" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2016.20966" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #5c7996; text-decoration: none;">Science under President Trump</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<u></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/531277a&source=gmail&ust=1480716620847000&usg=AFQjCNHkoLvMcbC4cChmzht37SzjaWutcQ" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/531277a" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #5c7996; text-decoration: none;">The elephant in the room we can’t ignore</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">For philosophers like me, post-truth also goes against the grain. But in the wake of the US presidential election and the seemingly endless campaigns preceding it, author Ralph Keyes’s 2004 declaration that we have arrived in a post-truth era seems distressingly plausible.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Post-truth refers to blatant lies being routine across society, and it means that politicians can lie without condemnation. This is different from the cliché that all politicians lie and make promises they have no intention of keeping — this still expects honesty to be the default position. In a post-truth world, this expectation no longer holds.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">This can explain the current political situation in the United States and elsewhere. Public tolerance of inaccurate and undefended allegations, non sequiturs in response to hard questions and outright denials of facts is shockingly high. Repetition of talking points passes for political discussion, and serious interest in issues and options is treated as the idiosyncrasy of wonks. The lack of public indignation when political figures claim disbelief in response to scientific consensus on climate change is part of this larger pattern. ‘Don’t bother me with facts’ is no longer a punchline. It has become a political stance. It’s worth remembering that it has not always been this way: the exposure of former US president Richard Nixon’s lies was greeted with outrage.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">One might be tempted to blame philosophy for post-truth. Some of us write about epistemic relativism, the view that truth can vary depending on the context. Yet relativism is itself relative. An extreme relativist might hold that the truth varies from person to person, a position that does not leave much room for debate. But more rational positions can also involve at least a modicum of relativism. In a sense, even eighteenth-century philosopher Immanuel Kant’s quite sensible contention that we can never know what things are like ‘in themselves’ — independent of how our minds format what we perceive — is a relativistic position. It implies that what is true of the world for humans is probably different from what is true for a fly. Entomologists would surely agree.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“Political leaders take their right to lie as a given, perhaps particularly when the lies are transparent.”<u></u><u></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">More radical forms of relativism are often denounced as undermining basic values. Friedrich Nietzsche, the nineteenth-century philosopher who is often invoked to justify post-truth, was such a relativist, and he does suggest at times that deception is rife and should not be categorically rejected. His point is to complicate our view of human behaviour and to object to moral certainties that encourage black-and-white judgements about what’s good and what’s evil. Thus he denies that there are moral facts, saying that we have only “moral interpretations”, and in doing so denies that moral assertions are unconditionally true. But this does not mean there is no truth. Even when he claims that our truths amount to our “irrefutable errors”, he is pointing to the exaggerated clarity of abstractions by comparison with empirical reality.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">In fact — contrary to how he is often presented — Nietzsche held intellectual honesty at a premium. His most strenuous rejections of ‘truth’ are mostly directed not at truth, but at what has been asserted as true. Yes, Nietzsche was an elitist who was sceptical of democracy, and so his work does not necessarily fault leaders for talking down to the public. But it also points out the inconsistency of religious teachers who assume they have the right to lie.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">When political leaders make no effort to ensure that their ‘facts’ will bear scrutiny, we can only conclude that they take an arrogant view of the public. They take their right to lie as given, perhaps particularly when the lies are transparent. Many among the electorate seem not to register the contempt involved, perhaps because they would like to think that their favoured candidate is at least well-intentioned and would not deliberately mislead them.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Much of the public hears what it wants to hear, because many people get their news exclusively from sources whose bias they agree with. But contemptuous leaders and voters who are content with hand-waving and entertaining bluster undermine the democratic idea of rule by the people. The irony is that politicians who benefit from post-truth tendencies rely on truth, too, but not because they adhere to it. They depend on most people’s good-natured tendency to trust that others are telling the truth, at least the vast majority of the time.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Scientists and philosophers should be shocked by the idea of post-truth, and they should speak up when scientific findings are ignored by those in power or treated as mere matters of faith. Scientists must keep reminding society of the importance of the social mission of science — to provide the best information possible as the basis for public policy. And they should publicly affirm the intellectual virtues that they so effectively model: critical thinking, sustained inquiry and revision of beliefs on the basis of evidence. Another line from Nietzsche is especially pertinent now: “Three cheers for physics! — and even more for the motive that spurs us toward physics — our honesty!”<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>SOURCE: Nature</b><u></u><u></u></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">540,<u> </u></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">9 </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span class="aBn" data-term="goog_1111858695" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: -2px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ" style="position: relative; top: 2px; z-index: -1;">01 December 2016</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">doi:10.1038/540009a</span></div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-52743604604555120212016-11-11T15:22:00.000-08:002016-11-11T15:22:32.783-08:00Several scientifically- political views on Trump winning before and after election….<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Explaining Donald Trump's
Shock Election Win .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">His Ideas on Science and the world problems involved ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> ------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">1.-Five factors behind America’s staggering
decision <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Sh</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TCCK-p2Rczc/WCZQRrFJhTI/AAAAAAAA-n0/kPHCCRvpX3QQO5z_WRUIWyohB7G2F-zZQCEw/s1600/Trump%2B1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TCCK-p2Rczc/WCZQRrFJhTI/AAAAAAAA-n0/kPHCCRvpX3QQO5z_WRUIWyohB7G2F-zZQCEw/s400/Trump%2B1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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id="Imagen_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Descripción: https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B143EAC-D425-4E12-A713146F8417E30C.jpg?w=590&h=393&D9F90CED-58BA-4CE8-99A29C71474C31D3"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Credit: </span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/license/511806098"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Getty Images</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">The following essay is reprinted with permission
from </span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/uk" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Conversation</span></a></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">, an online publication covering the latest
research.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">A populist wave that began with </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Brexit</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> in June reached the
United States in stunning fashion on Tuesday night. In one of the biggest
upsets in American political history, Donald Trump won a truly historic victory
in the U.S. presidential election.</span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Imagen_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Descripción: The Conversation" style='width:.75pt;
height:.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="The Conversation"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Descripción: The Conversation" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="Imagen_x0020_3" width="1" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Trump’s remarkably decisive win stunned most </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/upshot/presidential-polls-forecast.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fupshot&action=click&contentCollection=upshot&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=2&pgtype=sectionfront" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">political
pundits</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, myself included. Throughout the campaign, Trump seemed to have a </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">polling ceiling</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> of about 44 percent
and he consistently had the </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-donald-trump-and-hillary-clinton-finish-with-historically-poor-images/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">highest
unfavorability rating</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> of any major party nominee in history.
Accordingly, months ago </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/president-trump-not-likely-58758" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I
predicted</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> that Clinton would easily beat Trump.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Then, at the beginning of October, the uproar over
Trump’s lewd and offensive remarks on the </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Access
Hollywood” videotape</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, combined with the escalating number of women who
accused Trump of </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/trump-and-the-truth-the-sexual-assault-allegations" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sexual
assault</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, seemed to finish off his campaign. Right up until Tuesday afternoon,
therefore, a comfortable victory for Clinton seemed like a foregone conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But I was dead wrong. Trump won a sweeping victory
in the presidential race. His night began with critical victories in </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/election-day-an-acrimonious-race-reaches-its-end-point/2016/11/08/32b96c72-a557-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-bignews3_campaign-desktoponly-945am%3Ahomepage%2Fstory" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Florida,
North Carolina and Ohio</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, three states essential to his path to 270
electoral votes. As the night wore on, Clinton’s “blue wall” collapsed amid a
red tide that swept across the country from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky
Mountains. The blue states of </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/election-day-an-acrimonious-race-reaches-its-end-point/2016/11/08/32b96c72-a557-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-bignews3_campaign-desktoponly-945am%3Ahomepage%2Fstory" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> fell to Trump like
dominoes. The election returns made clear that Trump would carry over 300
electoral votes, more than enough to win the presidency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It’s extremely early to draw conclusions about the
2016 election results, but here are five factors that at least partially
explain what happened.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 39.75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">1.
SILENT TRUMP VOTE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">There really was a silent Trump vote that the polls
failed to pick up on. The nationwide polling average gave Clinton about a
3-point lead overall, and the state-by-state polls indicated that she would win
at least 300 electoral votes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But the polls were as wrong as the pundits.
Problems with the polls’ methodologies will undoubtedly be identified in the
days and weeks ahead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It seems equally reasonable to conclude that many
Trump voters kept their intentions to themselves and refused to cooperate with
the pollsters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The extraordinary </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/in-getting-new-clinton-emails-did-the-fbi-violate-the-constitution-67906" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">role
of FBI Director James Comey</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> in the presidential campaign cannot be
underestimated either. Two weeks ago Clinton seemed on the verge of winning a
double-digit victory. But Comey’s Oct. 28 </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/28/politics/fbi-reviewing-new-emails-in-clinton-probe-director-tells-senate-judiciary-committee/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">letter
to Congress</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, which announced that the FBI was reopening its
investigation into Clinton’s State Department emails, changed the momentum of
the race. Clinton retook the polling lead at the end of last week, but the
final polls masked the lasting damage that the Comey letter had done to her
campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Whatever the ultimate explanation for the polls’
failure to predict the election’s outcome, the future of the polling industry
is in question after Tuesday. Trump’s astounding victory demonstrated that the
polls simply cannot be trusted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 39.75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">2.
CELEBRITY BEAT ORGANIZATION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">A longstanding assumption of political campaigns is
that a first-rate “Get out the Vote” organization is indispensable. The
conventional wisdom in 2016 thus held that Trump’s lack of a grassroots organization
was a huge liability for his campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But as it turned out, he didn’t need an
organization. Trump has been in the public eye for over 30 years, which meant
that he entered the race with nearly 100 percent name recognition. Trump’s
longstanding status as a celebrity enabled him to garner relentless media
attention from the moment he entered the race. One study found that by May 2016
Trump had received the equivalent of </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-has-gotten-nearly-3-billion-in-free-advertising-2016-05-06" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">US$3
billion in free advertising</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> from the media coverage his campaign
commanded. Trump seemed to intuitively understand that the controversial things
he said on the campaign trail captured the voters’ attention in a way that
serious policy speeches never could.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Most important of all, he had highly motivated
voters. Trump’s populist rhetoric and open contempt for civility and basic
standards of decency enabled him to connect with the Republican base like no
candidate since Ronald Reagan. Trump didn’t play by the normal rules of
politics, and his voters loved him for it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Trump’s victory would seem to herald a new era of
celebrity politicians. He showed that a charismatic media-savvy outsider has
significant advantages over traditional politicians and conventional political
organizations in the internet age. In the future, we may see many more
unconventional politicians in the Trump mold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 39.75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">3.
POPULIST REVOLT AGAINST IMMIGRATION AND TRADE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It will take days to sort through the data to
figure out what issues resonated mostly deeply with Trump’s base.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But immigration and trade seem virtually certain to
be at the top of the list. Trump bet his whole campaign on the idea that
popular hostility to liberal immigration and free trade policies would propel
him to the White House.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">From the beginning to the end of his campaign, he
returned time and again to those two cornerstone issues. In </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">his announcement
speech</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, he promised to build a wall on the Mexican border and deport 11
million unauthorized immigrants. He also pledged to tear up free trade
agreements and bring back manufacturing jobs. From day one, he made xenophobic
and nationalistic policies the centerpiece of his campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Critics rightfully condemned his vicious attacks on
Mexicans and Muslims, but Trump clearly understood that hostility toward
immigration and globalization ran deep among a critical mass of American
voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">His decision to focus on immigration and trade paid
off in spades on Election Day. It’s no coincidence that Trump did exceptionally
well in the traditionally blue states of Wisconsin, </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/mich-crucial-deciding-president-article-1.2865062" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Michigan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> and </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/coal-country-democrats-donald-trump-2016-213988" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pennsylvania</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, all of which have large
populations of white </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/coal-country-democrats-donald-trump-2016-213988" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">working-class
voters</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. Previous Republican nominees such as John McCain, who embraced
generous immigration policies, and Mitt Romney, who advocated free trade, never
managed to connect with blue-collar voters in the Great Lakes region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But Trump’s anti-immigration and protectionist
trade policies gave him a unique opening with white working-class voters, and
he </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-calls-working-class-strike-back-final-day/story?id=43378378" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">made
the most of it</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 39.75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">4.
OUTSIDERS AGAINST INSIDERS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Trump will be the first president without elective
office experience since Dwight Eisenhower in the 1950s. Eisenhower, however,
served as supreme allied commander in Europe during World War II and had
unrivaled expertise in foreign affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">So how did Trump make his lack of government
experience an asset in the campaign?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The answer lay in the intense and widespread public
hostility to the political, media and business establishments that lead the
country. Trust in institutions is at an all-time low and a majority of
Americans believe the country is headed in the </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/direction_of_country-902.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">wrong
direction.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">. The angry and volatile public mood made 2016 the
ultimate change election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Amid such a potent anti-establishment spirit,
Trump’s </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/07/politics/donald-trump-women-vulgar/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">vulgar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">, intemperate and
unorthodox style struck voters as far more </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://townhall.com/tipsheet/mattvespa/2016/11/08/nbc-exit-poll-nearly-60-percent-of-voters-view-clinton-as-dishonest-and-untrustworthy-n2243258" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">genuine</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">than the highly cautious and controlled Hillary
Clinton. As the brash and unpredictable Trump positioned himself as an agent of
change, Clinton seemed like the establishment’s candidate, an impression that
proved fatal to her campaign. Indeed, Trump used Clinton’s deep experience in
the White House, Senate and State Department against her by citing it as
evidence that she represented the status quo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Ironically, Bill Clinton won the White House 24
years ago using a similar anti-establishment strategy. In the 1992 election, he
successfully depicted incumbent President George H. W. Bush as an </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/01/17/a-damaging-impatience" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">out-of-touch</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> elitist. Eight years
later Bush’s son, George W. Bush, employed the same tactic to defeat Vice
President Al Gore. And in 2008 Barack Obama successfully ran as an outsider
against John McCain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Trump is thus the fourth consecutive president to
win the White House by running as an “outsider” candidate. That is a lesson
that future presidential candidates forget at their peril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 39.75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">5. AMERICA, THE DIVIDED<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Above all, the 2016 election made clear that
America is a nation deeply divided along racial, cultural, gender and class
lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Under normal circumstances, one would expect the
new president to attempt to rally the nation behind a message of unity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But Trump will not be a normal president. He won
the White House by waging one of the most divisive and polarizing campaigns in
American political history. It is entirely possible that he may choose to
govern using the same strategy of divide and conquer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">In any case, Trump will soon be the most powerful
person in the world. He will enter office on Jan. 20 with Republican majorities
in the House and Senate, which means Republicans will dictate the nation’s
policy agenda and control Supreme Court appointments for the next four years.
It seems highly likely therefore that Nov. 8, 2016 will go down in the history
books as a major turning point in American history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The 2016 election defied the conventional wisdom
from start to finish. It is probably a safe bet that the Trump presidency will
be just as unpredictable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">This article was originally published on </span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://theconversation.com/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Conversation</span></a></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">. Read the</span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/five-things-that-explain-donald-trumps-stunning-presidential-election-victory-66891" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">original
article</span></a></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">ADVERTISEMENT | <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">REPORT AD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Anthony J.
Gaughan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Anthony J. Gaughan is a professor of law at Drake
University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">2.- REACTIONS
WHEN TRUMP WIN: <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Richard Dawkins and Other Prominent Scientists React
to Trump’s Win<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">What the election results mean for science, in gut
responses from <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Scientific American</span></i>’s Board of
Advisers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Descripción: https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECD9D9F2-2ADA-4629-BB8CD77A83359527.jpg?w=590&h=393&32F916E3-CAE4-4AE5-A363B8FE922AF588"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">R</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">ichard Dawkins, founder of the Richard Dawkins
Foundation for Reason and Science. </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Credit: </span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/license/459925814" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Don Arnold, Getty Images</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This week the U.S. elected businessman and reality
TV star Donald Trump as its 45th president. As <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Scientific
American</span></i> has reported in the run-up to the election, Trump's
views on science, health and medicine appear </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/grading-the-presidential-candidates-on-science/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">unformed</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> at best, </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-comments-on-science-are-shockingly-ignorant/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ignorant</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> and destructive at
worst. To get an idea of what top minds in science, health and research are
thinking, we reached out to <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Scientific American</span></i>'s
Board of Advisers to get their quick-fire reactions to the election outcome.
The excerpts, some of them edited for length, appear below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Dear New Zealand,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The two largest nations in the English-speaking
world have just suffered catastrophes at the hands of voters—in both cases the
uneducated, anti-intellectual portion of voters. Science in both countries will
be hit extremely hard: In the one case, by the xenophobically inspired severing
of painstakingly built-up relationships with European partners; in the other
case by the election of an unqualified, narcissistic, misogynistic sick joke as
president. In neither case is the disaster going to be short-lived: in America
because of the nonretirement rule of the Supreme Court; in Britain because
Brexit is irreversible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">There are top scientists in America and
Britain—talented, creative people, desperate to escape the redneck bigotry of
their home countries. Dear New Zealand, you are a deeply civilized small
nation, with a low population in a pair of beautiful, spacious islands. You
care about climate change, the future of the planet and other scientifically
important issues. Why not write to all the Nobel Prize winners in Britain and
America, write to the Fields medalists, Kyoto and Crafoord Prize and
International Cosmos Prize winners, the Fellows of the Royal Society, the elite
scientists in the National Academy of Sciences, the Fellows of the British
Academy and similar bodies in America. Offer them citizenship. The contribution
that creative intellectuals can make to the prosperity and cultural life of a
nation is out of all proportion to their numbers. You could make New Zealand
the Athens of the modern world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Yes, dear New Zealand, I know it’s an unrealistic,
surreal pipe dream. But on the day after U.S. election day, in the year of
Brexit, the distinction between the surreal and the awfulness of the real seems
to merge in a bad trip from which a pipe dream is the only refuge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Yours,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Richard Dawkins, founder and board chairman,
Richard Dawkins Foundation</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">President-elect Trump's upset election caught many
by surprise. We have not heard very much from him or his colleagues on his
views on science and basic research, so I can only say that I hope that he
recognizes the long-term value of basic research investment and will support
the agencies of the U.S. government that support and pursue it, including the
National Science Foundation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Vint
Cerf, chief internet evangelist, Googl</span></i>e<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Like many, I was caught off guard by these election
results. It is the will of the U.S. people, and given the polarity of the
power, we can anticipate a number of significant and long-lasting changes. I do
think that given the reality of today’s world and the checks and balances built
into America, that exactly how these changes will play out is to be determined.
I anticipate that many will be surprised by what can be done, and what cannot
be done within government. I personally was born into poverty, and everything I
have accomplished I did on my own. The best way to maximize professional
success and rewards is to work hard; to maximize society is to be charitable;
to maximize equality is to be ethical; to maximize peace is to be peaceful. I
see myself taking more personal responsibility for the welfare of others close
to me, and continue to be the best possible scientist, for what we are and what
we will be is largely governed by the scientific discoveries that we apply to
move humanity forward.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Harold “Skip” Garner, director, Medical Informatics and Systems
Division and professor, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech</span></i><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">A smaller than projected voter turnout
(approximately seven million Democrats and two million Republicans less than
the 2012 election) was likely the cause of the outcome. Unexpected outcomes are
part of scientific life and we are experts at learning from them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Michael
Gazzaniga, director, Sage Center for the Study of the Mind, University of
California, Santa Barbara</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Fundamental research, dealing with climate change
and the environment, nuclear weapons treaties, international relations, women’s
rights, health and welfare, and more generally, public policy based on
empirical reality, all have been dealt a blow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The president-elect has expressed disinterest or
disdain for the results of scientific analyses relevant for public policy, and
the vice president–elect has been an open enemy of science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It remains to be seen how this will play out, but a
Republican congress seems unlikely to put many checks on this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Lawrence
Krauss, director, Origins Project, Arizona State University</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Very, very surprised.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Robert S.
Langer, David H. Koch Institute professor, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">First, I think that the forecasting capability of
the media and others involved in studying elections and the interaction of the
social sciences is flawed. That's clear. Regardless, this is a strong country,
a strong democracy with great intellectual capacity and good will, with a deep
sense of human rights and social justice shared among the people. I think at
the end of the day the American people, as a whole, will provide a good balance
of judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">I think the issue of American international
competitiveness in science, technology and arts research will continue to be a
centerpiece of policy considerations going forward. Importantly, a number of
Supreme Court justices will likely be appointed during the next administration,
and with one party governing all aspects of the government—the legislative,
judicial and executive—the influence on the judicial system and future
development of a progressive social policy is of concern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">America's prominence and international influence is
largely based on the prestige and trust the U.S. enjoys, in part a result of
the last century’s contributions to advancing science, medicine, technology and
the pursuit of social justice. Our position as trusted members of the global
community must be maintained and improved if we are to positively impact global
development for the benefit of our own citizens as well as those of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Robert E.
Palazzo, dean, University of Alabama at Birmingham College of Arts and Sciences</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">At this moment, November 9, 2016, I am sick in
heart and spirit, bereft of even a shred of optimism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">All the ideals of the enlightenment on which our
country was founded, all the principles of reason and open-mindedness that
undergird the practice of science that we so fervently cherish, and to which we
can rightfully attribute our progress in improving the welfare of humankind,
have been effectively and thoroughly repudiated. The significance of the result
of the election—that those opposing these beliefs will now either control or
greatly influence every branch of the U.S. government—cannot be overemphasized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It's a shutout.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">In such a moment it’s natural to search the past
for lessons. All successful civilizations throughout history have ultimately
perished. Further, the evolution of our country's democracy is following an
ancient script: the seeds of Trump's philosophical victory can be found in the
very multicultural, multi-viewpoint, open-armed inclusiveness of the democratic
ideal America has pursued since its beginnings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">In his </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><a href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/04/america-tyranny-donald-trump.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: dimgrey; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">article</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> in <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">New York Magazine,</span></i> Andrew Sullivan finds in
Plato's <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Republic,</span></i> written 2,400 years ago, the view that a
“rainbow-flag polity” is the most inherently unstable, and that “tyranny is
probably established out of no other regime than democracy.” It does indeed
make you wonder if last night wasn’t inevitable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">My deepest worry is that this transition really
could signal the end of the American Republic and the light it tried for 240
years, at least on paper, to shine on all the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">What it means for the practice of science in this
country, the rights of women and minorities, the future of our planet’s health,
the survival of all the creatures with whom we share the Earth and for our
relationships with other nations, I have no stomach to predict. But it does
very much seem right now that the winning faction of the U.S. populace has
decided that the Earth really is flat, and that will be the guiding principle
for governance from this moment on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Carolyn
Porco, Cassini Imaging Team leader; visiting scholar, University of California,
Berkeley; director, CICLOPS, Space Science Institute</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">What is there to say? It's especially scary that
there won't be separation of powers. It's also shocking (if the numbers are
accurate) the percentage of women (and men) who voted for Trump. And of course
science, climate, you name it ... you have to wonder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Lisa
Randall, professor of physics, Harvard University</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The one “plus” from this result is that reducing
poverty may move higher on the agenda of the right as well as the left. But it
should scare us Europeans into developing stronger and better coordinated
pan-European policies to offer countervailing power to the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Martin
Rees, Astronomer Royal and emeritus professor of cosmology and astrophysics,
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This administration may be the least science- and
science education–friendly one in generations. One possible nominee for the
education department, Ben Carson, is a young-Earth creationist. Vice
President[–elect] Pence has supported antievolution legislation in Indiana and
has even pronounced evolution as unscientific on the floor of the House of
Representatives. At the National Center for Science Education, we found that
creationists are emboldened to act locally and at the state level when the
“bully pulpit” of the presidency favors them—even if the federal government has
little or no role in determining local curricula. Nominees for Energy [the
Department of Energy], EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency], NIH
[National Institutes of Health], NSF (National Science Foundation] and other
agencies are likely to be equally problematic and, of course, many members of
the administration have declared their rejection of climate change. Should they
and their appointees act upon that belief, agreements made with China and other
nations by the current administration are at risk—which means that the future
of the planet is at risk. Science and science education did not come out ahead
in this election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Eugenie
Scott, founding executive director, National Center for Science Education</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Science was sidelined during the presidential
campaign and we will have to wait to see the science policy of the new
administration with an open mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Terry
Sejnowski, professor and laboratory head of Computational Neurobiology
Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">When it appeared Trump would win, the Dow plunged
800 points in after-hours trading, and pundits predicted [Wednesday] would be
the worst economic collapse since 9/11 and the 2008 meltdown. As I write this,
the Dow is up 265 points, the NASDAQ up 43 points. Predictions are hard to make,
especially about the future, particularly in elections and economics. With that
caveat I predict:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Markets will be fine and economic growth will
continue steady and may even improve one half to 1 percent in 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">No wall will be built on the Mexican border (and
Canadians will not build a wall blocking us!).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">We will not change our nuclear policies, we will
not adopt “no first use” policy (as Obama did not either), and we will go
another four years without using nuclear weapons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">North Korea ... oh who the hell knows what that
wingnut will do, but very likely nothing will change and eventually the country
will go out of business with their failing economy, and North and South Korea
will reunite just like East and West Germany did.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Putin will hesitate to challenge NATO or take
further territory in eastern Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">ISIS will be completely eradicated before the end
of 2017, but global terrorism will not be, as no president or government can
reduce it to zero, but it will continue to fail as a means of bringing about
political change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Tensions in the Middle East will continue as they
have since I was in college and voted for the first time in 1972. Some things
never change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Stay calm everyone. We have a strong republic that
will continue growing stronger. We have lots of checks and balances in place to
prevent any extreme actions taken by anyone, and as Pres. Obama has been
reiterating this past year to those pessimists who think things are bad and
getting worse, this is and will continue to be the best time there has ever
been to be alive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">—<b>Michael
Shermer, publisher, </b></span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Skeptic<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> magazine; monthly columnist,</span></i>Scientific American<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University; author of </span></i>The
Moral Arc</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Advancement of science transcends partisan
boundaries and is fundamental for human health, and is a bedrock for U.S.
technological advances and the economy. Hopefully, this will continue under any
new administration. Although there is a rise in nationalism around the world, I
think it is important that the international openness of science, its
collaborations and its benefits be maintained for the benefit of all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Michael
Snyder, professor of genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The main questions are whether Trump/Pence will 1)
support science research as a core to the economic engine and American
competitiveness and 2) use science outcomes to inform policymaking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The rhetoric on the campaign trail implies “no” on
both counts, but the desire to make good on campaign promises to promote our
economic interests implies that they should.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">—<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Michael
E. Webber, co-director, Clean Energy Incubator, and associate professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">****<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It took the U.S. two decades to go from climate
obstructionist to climate leader, and one ugly season to throw it away. Now we
will see if we are truly a nation of laws and due process, or as weak as we
tend to characterize some dictatorships.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">I am embarrassed for my generation and am having
trouble facing a younger generation that have very basic questions about our
selfishness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">If there is a “silver lining” it is that we are a
nation of strong institutions and now we shall see, are our ideals up to the
task? My state of California—hardly popular to the Trump voters—offers a
hopeful perspective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The problem today is that the U.S. has truly “hit
its stride” on climate, and, while also far from perfect, was progressing. Now,
advocates of sustainability and intra- and inter-national equity and
partnership must re-tool, but without any buffer or luxury of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Above all, this new strategy and route to integrate
and partner must evolve fast, and must find common ground with an electorate
infused with the sad anger and pessimism that led to the Trump victory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">What California—and Morocco, Kenya, Denmark,
Bangladesh, The Vatican, Germany, Nicaragua, and others—offer are imperfect but
very real examples that show that our energy and material system can actually
evolve much faster than previously thought. It takes steadily evolving
technology. But more important is the development of a coherent plan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">What we have just done is to steal from our
children's future—and personally from my two dear daughters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">—Daniel Kammen, founding
director, Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University California,
Berkeley</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Note: This article has been updated to include
comment from Daniel Kammen. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">ADVERTISEMENT | <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">REPORT AD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Andrea
Gawrylewski<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">……………………………………………………………………<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">3.-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 45.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">How President-Elect Trump Views Science once
elected: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">opinions about 20 subjects, from climate change to
public health </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 45.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Credit: </span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/gageskidmore/5440995138/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gage Skidmore</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Flickr</span></a></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"> </span></i><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(CC BY-SA 2.0)</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It’s hard to know
what President-elect Donald J. Trump will do on scientific issues, since
he has not gone into much detail on the stump. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">But before the election we and our partners at
ScienceDebate.org asked his campaign for his positions on certain important
science issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Here are the relevant passages, which may offer
clues on his policy directions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Innovation</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Science and engineering have been responsible for over half of the
growth of the U.S. economy since WWII. But some reports question America’s
continued leadership in these areas. What policies will best ensure that
America remains at the forefront of innovation?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Innovation has always been one of the great
by-products of free market systems. Entrepreneurs have always found entries
into markets by giving consumers more options for the products they
desire. The government should do all it can to reduce barriers to entry
into markets and should work at creating a business environment where fair
trade is as important as free trade. Similarly, the federal government
should encourage innovation in the areas of space exploration and investment in
research and development across the broad landscape of academia. Though there
are increasing demands to curtail spending and to balance the federal budget,
we must make the commitment to invest in science, engineering, healthcare and
other areas that will make the lives of Americans better, safer and more
prosperous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Research</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Many scientific advances require long-term investment to fund
research over a period of longer than the two, four, or six year terms that
govern political cycles. In the current climate of budgetary constraints, what
are your science and engineering research priorities and how will you balance
short-term versus long-term funding?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The premise of this question is exactly
correct—scientific advances do require long term investment. This is why we
must have programs such as a viable space program and institutional research
that serve as incubators to innovation and the advancement of science and
engineering in a number of fields. We should also bring together
stakeholders and examine what the priorities ought to be for the nation.
Conservation of resources and finding ways to feed the world beg our strong
commitment as do dedicated investment in making the world a healthier
place. The nation is best served by a President and administration that
have a vision for a greater, better America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Climate Change</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">The Earth’s climate is changing and political discussion has
become divided over both the science and the best response. What are your views
on climate change, and how would your administration act on those views?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">There is still much that needs to be investigated
in the field of “climate change.” Perhaps the best use of our limited financial
resources should be in dealing with making sure that every person in the world
has clean water. Perhaps we should focus on eliminating lingering
diseases around the world like malaria. Perhaps we should focus on
efforts to increase food production to keep pace with an ever-growing world
population. Perhaps we should be focused on developing energy sources and power
production that alleviates the need for dependence on fossil fuels. We
must decide on how best to proceed so that we can make lives better, safer and
more prosperous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Biodiversity</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Biological diversity provides food, fiber, medicines, clean water
and many other products and services on which we depend every day. Scientists
are finding that the variety and variability of life is diminishing at an
alarming rate as a result of human activity. What steps will you take to
protect biological diversity?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">For too long, Presidents and the executive branch
of our federal government have continued to expand their reach and
impact. Today, we have agencies filled with unelected officials who have
been writing rules and regulations that cater to special interests and that
undermine the foundational notion of our government that should be responsive
to the people. Our elected representatives have done little to uphold their
oaths of office and have abrogated their responsibilities. When these
circumstances occur, there is an imbalance that rewards special interests and
punishes the people who should benefit the most from the protection of species
and habitat in the United States. In a Trump administration, there will
be shared governance of our public lands and we will empower state and local
governments to protect our wildlife and fisheries. Laws that tilt the
scales toward special interests must be modified to balance the needs of
society with the preservation of our valuable living resources. My
administration will strike that balance by bringing all stakeholders to the
table to determine the best approach to seeking and setting that balance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">The Internet</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">The Internet has become a foundation of economic, social, law
enforcement, and military activity. What steps will you take to protect
vulnerable infrastructure and institutions from cyber attack, and to provide
for national security while protecting personal privacy on electronic devices
and the internet?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The United States government should not spy on its
own citizens. That will not happen in a Trump administration. As
for protecting the Internet, any attack on the Internet should be considered a
provocative act that requires the utmost in protection and, at a minimum, a
proportional response that identifies and then eliminates threats to our
Internet infrastructure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Mental Health</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Mental illness is among the most painful and stigmatized diseases,
and the National Institute of Mental Health estimates it costs America more
than $300 billion per year. What will you do to reduce the human and economic
costs of mental illness?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This is one of the great unfolding tragedies in
America today. States are reducing their commitments to mental health
treatment and our jails are filled with those who need mental health
care. Any mental health reforms must be included in our efforts to reform
healthcare in general in the country. We must make the investment in
treating our fellow citizens who suffer from severe mental illness. This
includes making sure that we allow family members to be more involved in the
total care of those who are severely mentally ill. We must ensure that
the national government provides the support to state and local governments to
bring mental health care to the people at the local level. This entire field
of interest must be examined and a comprehensive solution set must be developed
so that we can keep people safe and productive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Energy</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Strategic management of the US energy portfolio can have powerful
economic, environmental, and foreign policy impacts. How do you see the energy
landscape evolving over the next 4 to 8 years, and, as President, what will
your energy strategy be?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">It should be the goal of the American people and
their government to achieve energy independence as soon as possible.
Energy independence means exploring and developing every possible energy source
including wind, solar, nuclear and bio-fuels. A thriving market system
will allow consumers to determine the best sources of energy for future
consumption. Further, with the United States, Canada and Mexico as the
key energy producers in the world, we will live in a safer, more productive and
more prosperous world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Education</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">American students have fallen in many international rankings of
science and math performance, and the public in general is being faced with an
expanding array of major policy challenges that are heavily influenced by
complex science. How would your administration work to ensure all students
including women and minorities are prepared to address 21st century challenges
and, further, that the public has an adequate level of STEM literacy in an age
dominated by complex science and technology?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">There are a host of STEM programs already in
existence. What the federal government should do is to make sure that
educational opportunities are available for everyone. This means we must
allow market influences to bring better, higher quality educational
circumstances to more children. Our cities are a case-study in what not
to do in that we do not have choice options for those who need access to better
educational situations. Our top-down-one-size-fits-all approach to
education is failing and is actually damaging educational outcomes for our
children. If we are serious about changing the direction of our
educational standing, we must change our educational models and allow the
greatest possible number of options for educating our children. The
management of our public education institutions should be done at the state and
local level, not at the Department of Education. Until more choices are
provided in our cities, those who tout their concern about educational outcomes
cannot be taken seriously.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Public Health</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Public health efforts like smoking cessation, drunk driving laws,
vaccination, and water fluoridation have improved health and productivity and
save millions of lives. How would you improve federal research and our public
health system to better protect Americans from emerging diseases and other
public health threats, such as antibiotic resistant superbugs?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The implication of the question is that one must
provide more resources to research and public health enterprises to make sure
we stay ahead of potential health risks. In a time of limited resources,
one must ensure that the nation is getting the greatest bang for the
buck. We cannot simply throw money at these institutions and assume that
the nation will be well served. What we ought to focus on is assessing
where we need to be as a nation and then applying resources to those areas
where we need the most work. Our efforts to support research and public
health initiatives will have to be balanced with other demands for scarce
resources. Working with Congress—the people’s representatives—my
administration will work to establish national priorities and then we will work
to make sure that adequate resources are assigned to achieve our goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Water</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">The long-term security of fresh water supplies is threatened by a
dizzying array of aging infrastructure, aquifer depletion, pollution, and
climate variability. Some American communities have lost access to water,
affecting their viability and destroying home values. If you are elected,
what steps will you take to ensure access to clean water for all Americans?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This may be the most important issue we face as a
nation for the next generation. Therefore, we must make the investment in
our fresh water infrastructure to ensure access to affordable fresh water
solutions for everyone. We must explore all options to include making
desalinization more affordable and working to build the distribution
infrastructure to bring this scarce resource to where it is needed for our
citizens and those who produce the food of the world. This must be a top
priority for my administration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Nuclear Power</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Nuclear power can meet electricity demand without producing
greenhouse gases, but it raises national security and environmental concerns.
What is your plan for the use, expansion, or phasing out of nuclear power,
and what steps will you take to monitor, manage and secure nuclear materials
over their life cycle?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Nuclear power is a valuable source of energy and
should be part of an all-the-above program for providing power for America long
into the future. We can make nuclear power safer, and its outputs are
extraordinary given the investment we should make. Nuclear power must be
an integral part of energy independence for America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Food</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Agriculture involves a complex balance of land and energy use,
worker health and safety, water use and quality, and access to healthy and
affordable food, all of which have inputs of objective knowledge from science.
How would you manage the US agricultural enterprise to our highest benefit in
the most sustainable way?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">The implication of your question is that there
should be central control of American agriculture by the federal
government. That is totally inappropriate. The agriculture industry
should be free to seek its best solutions through the market system. That
said, the production of food is a national security issue and should receive
the attention of the federal government when it comes to providing security for
our farmers and ranchers against losses to nature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Global Challenges</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">We now live in a global economy with a large and growing human
population. These factors create economic, public health, and environmental
challenges that do not respect national borders. How would your administration
balance national interests with global cooperation when tackling threats made
clear by science, such as pandemic diseases and climate change, that cross
national borders?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Our best input to helping with global issues is to
make sure that the United States is on the proper trajectory economically.
For the past decade we have seen Gross Domestic Product growth that has not
provided adequate resources to fix our infrastructure, recapitalize our
military, invest in our education system or secure energy
independence. We cannot take our place as world leader if we are
not healthy enough to take care of ourselves. This means we must make
sure that we achieve our goals in tax reform, trade reform, immigration reform
and energy independence. A prosperous America is a much better partner in
tackling global problems that affect this nation achieving its national
objectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Regulations</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Science is essential to many of the laws and policies that keep
Americans safe and secure. How would science inform your administration's
decisions to add, modify, or remove federal regulations, and how would you
encourage a thriving business sector while protecting Americans vulnerable to
public health and environmental threats?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">This is about balance. We must balance a
thriving economy with conserving our resources and protecting our citizens from
threats. Science will inform our decisions on what regulations to keep,
rescind or add. A vibrant, robust free market system will regulate the private
sector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Vaccination</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Public health officials warn that we need to take more steps
to prevent international epidemics from viruses such as Ebola and
Zika. Meanwhile, measles is resurgent due to decreasing vaccination
rates. How will your administration support vaccine science?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">We should educate the public on the values of a
comprehensive vaccination program. We have been successful with other
public service programs and this seems to be of enough importance that we
should put resources against this task.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Space</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">There is a political debate over America’s national approach to
space exploration and use. What should America's national goals be for space
exploration and earth observation from space, and what steps would your
administration take to achieve them?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Space exploration has given so much to America,
including tremendous pride in our scientific and engineering prowess. A
strong space program will encourage our children to seek STEM educational
outcomes and will bring millions of jobs and trillions of dollars in investment
to this country. The cascading effects of a vibrant space program are
legion and can have a positive, constructive impact on the pride and direction
of this country. Observation from space and exploring beyond our own
space neighborhood should be priorities. We should also seek global
partners, because space is not the sole property of America. All
humankind benefits from reaching into the stars.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Opioids</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">There is a growing opioid problem in the United States, with
tragic costs to lives, families and society. How would your administration
enlist researchers, medical doctors and pharmaceutical companies in addressing
this issue?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">We first should stop the inflow of opioids into the
United States. We can do that and we will in the Trump
administration. As this is a national problem that costs America billions
of dollars in productivity, we should apply the resources necessary to mitigate
this problem. Dollars invested in taking care of this problem will be
more than paid for with recovered lives and productivity that adds to the
wealth and health of the nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Ocean Health</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">There is growing concern over the decline of fisheries and the
overall health of the ocean: scientists estimate that 90% of stocks are
fished at or beyond sustainable limits, habitats like coral reefs are
threatened by ocean acidification, and large areas of ocean and coastlines
are polluted. What efforts would your administration make to improve the health
of our ocean and coastlines and increase the long-term sustainability of ocean
fisheries?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">My administration will work with Congress to
establish priorities for our government and how we will allocate our limited
fiscal resources. This approach will assure that the people’s voices will
be heard on this topic and others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Immigration</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">There is much current political discussion about immigration policy
and border controls. Would you support any changes in immigration policy
regarding scientists and engineers who receive their graduate degree at an
American university? Conversely, what is your opinion of recent controversy
over employment and the H1-B Visa program?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Immigration has been one of the cornerstones of my
campaign. The issues brought up in your question are exactly what we
should be addressing in immigration reform. If we allow individuals in
this country legally to get their educations, we should let them stay if they
want to contribute to our economy. It makes no sense to kick them out of
the country right after they achieve such extraordinary goals. As for the
H1-B program, we cannot allow companies to abuse this system. When we
have American citizens and those living in the United States legally being
pushed out of high paying jobs so that they can be replaced with “cheaper”
labor, something is wrong. The H1-B system should be employed only when
jobs cannot be filled with qualified Americans and legal residents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; padding: 0cm;">Scientific Integrity</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><br />
<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Evidence from science is the surest basis for fair and just public
policy, but that is predicated on the integrity of that evidence and of the
scientific process used to produce it, which must be both transparent and free
from political bias and pressure. How will you foster a culture of scientific
transparency and accountability in government, while protecting scientists and
federal agencies from political interference in their work?</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Science is science and facts are facts. My
administration will ensure that there will be total transparency and
accountability without political bias. The American people deserve this
and I will make sure this is the culture of my administration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">ADVERTISEMENT | <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">REPORT AD</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #999999; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR; text-transform: uppercase;">AUTHOR
></span><b><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;">Christine Gorman</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-CR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-37576569647288149582016-10-14T13:02:00.000-07:002016-10-14T13:10:35.781-07:00<br />
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NACIONES UNIDAS, oct 2016 (IPS) – Cuando el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU discutió los ataques “deliberados” contra hospitales en Siria y Yemen, el secretario general Ban Ki-moon criticó a varios de los países combatientes al señalar que “incluso un matadero es más humano” que las matanzas indiscriminadas de civiles en los dos conflictos en curso.</div>
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Los ataques contra hospitales, advirtió, fueron “crímenes de guerra y violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario”.</div>
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Pero Joanne Liu, presidenta de la organización Médicos sin Fronteras, denunció a “cuatro de los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad” – que está integrado por China, Estados Unidos, Francia, Gran Bretaña y Rusia – por las constantes atrocidades y los fustigó por su papel en los ataques contra las instalaciones médicas.</div>
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“La conducción de la guerra hoy en día no tiene límites”, se lamentó, y añadió que el fracaso del Consejo de Seguridad “refleja una falta de voluntad política de los Estados miembros que combaten dentro de las coaliciones y de aquellos que los habilitan”.</div>
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Estados Unidos, Francia, Gran Bretaña y Rusia están directa o indirectamente implicados en los conflictos militares en curso, ya sea como participantes o como sus principales proveedores de armas.</div>
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Un libro de reciente publicación, Perilous Interventions (Intervenciones peligrosas), también critica al Consejo de Seguridad, cuyas intervenciones militares provocaron en algunos casos “caos, destrucción y desestabilización”, específicamente en la zona de Medio Oriente, y ayudaron a crear el movimiento Estado islámico, que “podría decirse es la organización extremista más formidable de la historia”.</div>
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Escrito por el otrora embajador de India ante la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Hardeep Singh Puri, el libro analiza los errores cometidos en el caso de Libia y Siria, junto con lo sucedido en Yemen y Ucrania.</div>
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“Esta historia desastrosa se repetirá a menos que aprendamos de los errores del pasado y hagamos las correcciones necesarias”, advirtió Puri en entrevista con IPS.</div>
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IPS le preguntó si el Consejo de Seguridad ha dejado de ser útil, a juzgar por los fracasos de las intervenciones militares dirigidas directa o indirectamente por países del Norte industrial en Afganistán, Iraq, Libia, Ucrania y Yemen. “El uso de la fuerza, en las intervenciones que ha citado, fue autorizado por el Consejo de Seguridad solo en el caso de Libia (resolución 1973)”, explicó.</div>
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En el caso de Afganistán, la “coalición de los dispuestos ni siquiera se molestó en acercarse al Consejo”, dijo.</div>
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En cuanto a Iraq, el Consejo de Seguridad se negó a ser persuadido, señaló Puri, que presidió en dos ocasiones las sesiones del organismo entre 2011 y 2012.</div>
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En Ucrania y Yemen se empleó la “acción unilateral, y el Consejo impotente e ineficaz, fue manipulado o ignorado”, sostuvo.</div>
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“El problema es que, si no se tiene (el apoyo del) Consejo, se tendrá solo una acción unilateral. La respuesta, por lo tanto, no es de disolver el Consejo, sino buscar una mejora en su funcionamiento”, exhortó Puri.</div>
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Cuando se le preguntó si la propuesta de expansión del Consejo de Seguridad, aún en veremos después de más de 10 años de negociaciones, ayudará a cambiar el panorama político, Puri dijo que no será suficiente.</div>
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Después de todo, los nuevos miembros en el Consejo ampliado, con toda probabilidad, no tendrán facultad de veto, como sí la tienen los cinco miembros permanentes, añadió.</div>
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Aquellos que tienen la necesidad de utilizar la fuerza deben reflexionar acerca de las consecuencias de sus acciones, instó. Además, el veto no debe emplearse en situaciones que involucren potencialmente a las atrocidades en masa, destacó.</div>
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“La expansión y reforma del Consejo de Seguridad, por cierto, no es una causa perdida. Todo lo que requiere es que un grupo de países presenten una resolución marco. A continuación habrá negociaciones serias”, argumentó.</div>
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En una conferencia de prensa celebrada en septiembre, al embajador ruso Vitaly Churkin se le preguntó cuál era la postura de su país sobre la reforma del Consejo. En el futuro próximo, no preveía que se alcanzara un compromiso histórico sobre la admisión de nuevos miembros permanentes al organismo, respondió.</div>
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“La Federación Rusa no apoya la propuesta francesa sobre la limitación del ejercicio del veto, ya que no era un ‘plan viable’. Las situaciones de atrocidades en masa serían determinadas por los 15 miembros del Consejo o el secretario general”, explicó.</div>
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“Este es un mundo político”, y permitir la intervención de la Asamblea General solamente infringiría el ámbito del Consejo, advirtió.</div>
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Pero Puri dijo a IPS que un acuerdo de restricción de la facultad de veto es lo que se necesita.</div>
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“Estoy seguro de que si se envasa en términos de un acuerdo de limitación voluntaria, a lo largo de las líneas de la propuesta francesa, no haría falta ninguna modificación”, sostuvo.</div>
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Ante la pregunta de si las decisiones del Consejo de Seguridad son dictadas por los intereses nacionales de las grandes potencias, Puri respondió que cada tanto los cinco miembros permanentes colocan su propio interés nacional por encima de las consideraciones de la paz y la seguridad.</div>
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“Algunos de ellos lo hacen más abiertamente que otros. El Consejo es una institución intensamente política”, reconoció.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Referencia: C-090/16<br />30 de agosto de 2016</span><u></u><u></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Venezuela: Mensaje de la Secretaría General de la OEA en ocasión de las manifestaciones del 1 de septiembre</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A escasas horas de las manifestaciones previstas para el 1 de septiembre, la Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) recuerda que por encima de todo está la paz y los derechos de las personas. Cada uno, desde la dimensión institucional o desde las propias circunstancias de la vida, debe procurar el entendimiento mutuo y dar fuerza a la tolerancia de las ideas. La realidad de la política debe ser forjada en principios y valores que den el marco ético de convivencia, solidaridad y concordia.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">En este contexto, corresponde al Gobierno, a los titulares de cargos gubernamentales y a las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado garantizar el derecho a la vida, seguridad e integridad de sus habitantes, por lo cual son personal e institucionalmente responsables ante las instancias políticas y jurisdiccionales que corresponda, tanto a nivel interno como internacional, por el resultado de sus acciones u omisiones.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gestiones de la Secretaría General para la observación de la marcha del 1 de septiembre</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">El pasado 12 de agosto el Secretario General de la OEA, Luis Almagro, recibió la solicitud por parte del Presidente de la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela, Diputado Luis Florido, y del dirigente Carlos Vecchio para que la Secretaría General de la OEA procediera a observar las marchas y manifestaciones previstas para el próximo 1 de septiembre de 2016. Dicha solicitud –que fuera posteriormente respaldada por dirigentes e integrantes de la sociedad civil- fue recibida con la mejor disposición de cooperación por el Secretario General Almagro.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ante ello, la Secretaría General realizó gestiones con la Misión Permanente de Venezuela ante la OEA con la finalidad de habilitar los mecanismos tendientes a la observación y al acompañamiento de la marcha.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">De ese modo, se cursó nota a la citada delegación diplomática el 12 de agosto de 2016 (Nota OSG 425), y se reiteraron similares gestiones el 22 de agosto del corriente (Nota OSG 438).<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">En dichas oportunidades la Secretaría General de la OEA manifestó:<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• su disposición a coordinar el acompañamiento institucional de observación internacional de las referidas manifestaciones con el ánimo de brindar a Gobierno, oposición y ciudadanía venezolana las máximas garantías de imparcialidad en el contexto de la libre expresión de la voluntad ciudadana y el desarrollo pacífico en el marco de convivencia.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• que la referida intención se inscribe en el contexto de las competencias del Secretario General establecidas en la Carta de la OEA, la Carta Democrática Interamericana y demás instrumentos jurídicos en materia de promoción y protección de los derechos humanos.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• la vocación para explorar en forma conjunta las modalidades de seguimiento de las manifestaciones convocadas (a través de la Secretaría General y/u otros órganos de la OEA) de modo de asegurar un mecanismo de acompañamiento y observación conjunta garantista y efectiva.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• la necesidad del trabajo conjunto y el apoyo de la comunidad interamericana e internacional para garantizar los derechos de expresión ciudadana.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• que los lamentables acontecimientos del año 2014, en ocasión de las manifestaciones populares, que exhibieron niveles de violencia desmedidos, detenciones arbitrarias y la irreparable pérdida de 43 vidas humanas y centenares de heridos, recuerdan la necesidad permanente de extremar esfuerzos en favor de la paz y de la convivencia ciudadana, lo cual resulta absolutamente necesario para garantizar derechos, asegurar la no repetición y contar con elementos de rendición de cuentas.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• que la Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos cuenta con mecanismos probadamente eficaces, imparciales y profesionales para brindar las garantías de observación y seguimiento correspondientes.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• que los deberes jurídicos que se desprenden de la Carta de la OEA, de la Carta Democrática Interamericana y demás instrumentos relativos a la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos obligan a las autoridades de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela a su observancia y cumplimiento cabal.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• que los mismos instrumentos jurídicos citados constituyen una obligación jurídica, ética, política y funcional de velar por su cumplimiento por parte del Secretario General de la OEA y de denunciar sus sistemáticas violaciones.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• que el contexto de erosión y deterioro institucional, militarización de actividades civiles, crisis humanitaria y existencia de presos políticos hacen aún más necesario para todas las partes contar con actores que puedan coadyuvar a otorgar las necesarias garantías de convivencia ciudadana pacífica.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pese a las razones y argumentos presentados, el Gobierno de Venezuela ha rechazado la disposición de la Secretaría General de la OEA de trabajar para asegurar las mayores garantías para las marchas y manifestaciones previstas.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">El hecho de haber negado una propuesta que otorgaba garantías a la gente para el ejercicio de sus derechos demuestra claramente una negativa de asegurar al propio pueblo condiciones de paz y tranquilidad en el contexto de las manifestaciones del 1 de septiembre. La Secretaría General de la OEA hace responsable al Gobierno de Venezuela de asegurar al pueblo su derecho a manifestarse pacíficamente, su derecho de asociación y su derecho de libre expresión sin sufrir ningún tipo de violencia e intimidación; será completamente inaceptable para la Secretaría General cualquier abuso de autoridad. La Secretaría General hace responsable al Gobierno de toda víctima, que espera no tener que lamentar.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Intentos de amedrentamiento a la oposición</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">La Secretaría General manifiesta su preocupación por lo ocurrido estos días previos al llamado de la oposición democrática venezolana del 1 de septiembre, donde se han recibido denuncias que demuestran el recrudecimiento de la represión y de las violaciones de Derechos Humanos. Se pretende criminalizar la protesta, se amenaza con inhabilitar a partidos políticos, y se criminaliza la actuación de diputados de la Asamblea Nacional y activistas de la sociedad civil, acciones que dejan serias dudas de que al gobierno venezolano le interese un diálogo serio y constructivo para salir de la crisis en la que ha sumergido a Venezuela.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ante ello, se reitera la preocupación frente al creciente deterioro institucional registrado en Venezuela y -en este contexto- hace un llamado a que las manifestaciones y marchas previstas, al amparo del legítimo derecho de reunión y de expresión de la voluntad popular, se desarrollen de modo pacífico y en el clima de convivencia necesario.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sobre este particular, se llama al inmediato cese de las medidas arbitrarias e impunes que tienen como objetivo deliberado la intimidación de líderes opositores y de la población en general a escasas horas de la marcha prevista.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Entre estas medidas se ha registrado:<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• El traslado a prisión del ex-Alcalde de San Cristóbal Daniel Ceballos, medida dispuesta sin las mínimas garantías civiles ni criterios objetivos, lo que constituye un extraordinario abuso y muestra de sembrar el miedo no sólo en el núcleo familiar del Sr. Ceballos y en sus allegados, sino también en la ciudadanía en general.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• Este lunes fue detenido el activista y líder juvenil Yon Goicoechea, quien se trasladaba por las calles de Caracas cuando fue interceptado por funcionarios policiales encapuchados. Recién a altas horas de la noche se supo, a través un diputado del oficialismo, de su paradero en la cárcel del SEBIN.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• Similares parámetros de arbitrariedad y tiranía exhibe la orden de aprehensión contra el Alcalde Warner Jiménez.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• Los allanamientos arbitrarios realizados en las residencias del Diputado Lester Toledo - quien posee inmunidad- y<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• Del Alcalde Delson Guarate, sin guardar el debido proceso, demostrando el ensañamiento desmedido en contra de líderes de la oposición.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• Los medios de comunicación están siendo amedrentados constantemente, y hoy la sede del diario “El Nacional” fue atacada por grupos violentos identificados con el gobierno venezolano. Periodistas internacionales que están llegando a Caracas para cubrir el evento del 1 de septiembre están siendo retenidos en el aeropuerto, e incluso esperando ser deportados, tal el caso de los reporteros de Al Jazeera, lo que impide que la cobertura llegue libremente a la prensa internacional.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• El acoso a la sede de Voluntad Popular del día de hoy forma parte también de la operación de amedrentamiento en curso.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• La detención de Carlos Melo agrava aún más los abusos y privaciones de derechos, que constituyen provocaciones que van en desmedro de la reconciliación ciudadana a escasos días de las manifestaciones previstas para el 1 de septiembre.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• El arbitrario traslado de los jóvenes Francisco Márquez y Gabriel San Miguel a la cárcel de Tocuyito, sin mostrar la orden de traslado ni habérselo participado a sus abogados ni familiares, permaneciendo presos sin acusación.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• El traslado en horas de la madrugada de hoy de Raúl Baduel y Alexander Tirado a la cárcel para presos de alta peligrosidad 26 de Julio de Guárico, sin tampoco haberlo notificado a su defensa y familiares.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• La retención en el día de hoy de la Diputada María Hernández se suma también a la lista de arbitrariedades.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• En la misma línea, el gobierno venezolano ha ordenado el despido masivo de más de 4.000 funcionarios públicos que firmaron para el revocatorio, violando los derechos constitucionales que le garantizan a todos los venezolanos el derecho a discernir y a expresarse libremente.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• Los venezolanos que desde ahora se están movilizando para llegar a la Capital y participar en la manifestación han denunciado retenciones puestas por el gobierno nacional para impedirles el paso o desviarlos, tal y como ha ocurrido con la manifestación indígena que está caminando miles de kilómetros desde el Estado de Amazonas para participar.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">• En el día de la fecha se produjo también el intento de incendio de la Casa del Partido Acción Democrática en San Carlos.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Los intentos de intimidación de la población ante la proximidad de instancias de expresión popular resultan propios de los más connotados regímenes autoritarios a lo largo de la historia.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Estas maniobras contribuyen a generar un clima de confrontación y crispación, así como potencian el riesgo de desbordes ante la arbitrariedad y descarada impunidad con que se actúa.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Todos los hechos reseñados ut supra forman parte de una acción sistémica apoyada en mecanismos de represión del Estado que violan absolutamente las libertades fundamentales del pueblo venezolano. Ello contradice completamente los principios y valores democráticos y definen al Gobierno de Venezuela como una dictadura que viola sistemáticamente los derechos humanos de su pueblo.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Llamado al Gobierno de Venezuela al respeto de los Derechos Humanos y otorgamiento de las máximas garantías</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Particularmente se llama al Gobierno de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela a permitir, en el más amplio marco de libertad y de garantías ciudadanas, las manifestaciones de la expresión popular y a evitar medidas que puedan alentar la violencia y generar climas de confrontación, tales como la programación en el mismo día de marchas y manifestaciones pro gubernamentales.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">En el mismo sentido, se llama a las autoridades electorales a asegurar los derechos constitucionales de los ciudadanos venezolanos y a brindar certezas sobre la realización del referéndum revocatorio en el año 2016.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Corresponde al Consejo Nacional Electoral ser un elemento de imparcialidad y aseguramiento de garantías, y no una herramienta del poder político para la tergiversación de los plazos -o de los porcentajes de recolección de firmas- debidamente estipulados.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">El no cumplimiento de estas obligaciones por parte del CNE contribuye a deteriorar el clima de convivencia y a potenciar la polarización política y social.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Adicionalmente, la existencia constatada de presos políticos no sólo vulnera los derechos humanos de los venezolanos, sino que impide la existencia de un sistema democrático y corroe aún más las bases de la necesaria convivencia pacífica. Se reitera el llamado a su inmediata liberación, medida que sin duda coadyuvará al camino de recuperación de los estándares democráticos en el país.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">La Secretaría General de la OEA también alerta sobre las manipulaciones que han impedido la concreción de una reunión entre el Secretario General Almagro y el Comité de Víctimas de la Guarimba (solicitada inicialmente por la Secretaría General el 21 de octubre de 2015) y reitera la necesidad de esclarecimiento y justicia. Truncar mediante argucias el acceso al diálogo con la Secretaría General de la OEA por parte de las víctimas no se condice con la vocación de arrojar luz sobre los acontecimientos y de brindar las necesarias garantías de rendición de cuentas y no repetición. Y no resulta en absoluto constructivo para la paz ciudadana.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Urge el establecimiento de un diálogo genuino y en busca de resultados en el país. El establecimiento de plazos, objetivos y mediadores aceptados por todas las partes constituye una condición insoslayable para la recuperación democrática en Venezuela.<u></u><u></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Por último, la Secretaría General enfatiza su llamado en favor de la paz, la concordia y la reconciliación de los venezolanos, anclado en el respeto a los derechos de todos y a la necesaria tolerancia para la jornada del 1 de septiembre.</span></div>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-81257343757181957682016-08-31T14:38:00.002-07:002016-08-31T14:41:01.969-07:00<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-504028929443136522.post-46020693663116180282016-08-31T14:38:00.001-07:002016-08-31T14:40:48.823-07:00<blockquote style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;" type="cite">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conspiracy Theories</span></div>
<div style="color: #43a4ad; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Aug 29, 2016</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The term “conspiracy theory” has been part of our culture for a very long time. It is often justifiably followed by the word “nut.” It is also a way to stop discussion, or to embarrass others from believing what is being said. The aversion to conspiracy theories flows from a revulsion at the thought that well-known events are caused by a group of people acting in secret.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If that is true, then the common-sense understanding of why things happen is defective. And if it is defective, then those who are seen as best informed are actually mistaken. They lose their standing, and we are faced with a grim world where important events have dark and unknown causes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Those who believe in conspiracy theories think that the common explanations are defective. In their view, others fail to understand that the world doesn’t just happen. It is forged by hidden intentions. They believe that those who try to explain the world without recourse to secret agendas are either duped or part of the conspiracy.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Believing in conspiracy theories means that the world is not out of control. Instead, things are made to happen. This implies that something can be done to counter the conspirators’ actions.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There are those who believe that the price of oil fell because of a global decline in economic growth and the emergence of new technologies. In their view, nothing else is needed to explain it. There are others, though, who believe that the decline in the price of oil was deliberately engineered by some nation or powerful financial figures in order to cause harm.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If it is the former, then we are trapped by uncontrollable market forces… but at least we understand what is going on in the world. If it is the latter, then the world is controlled by powerful forces that determine the world’s fate for their own benefit.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
Conspiracies: from Mundane to Fantastic</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">We are surrounded by conspiracies. Conspiracies are a normal part of the fabric of human life. I have worked in universities and governments and with publishers. A lot of what we do, as a matter of course, is conspiratorial.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conspiracies and conspiracy theories can be thought of in three classes. First, there is the routine. These take place in politics, business, families, and other human organizations. Second, there are significant, discreet events, such as a coup or an assassination. Finally, there is the macro-conspiracy, which is about forces controlling broader areas of life, up to and including history.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">It is the last two where the debate—if it can be called that—about conspiracies takes place.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Consider the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. Both were ascribed to a lone gunman. In evaluating whether a conspiracy was behind either, the measure must be plausibility. My rule is that the idea of the lone gunmen must at least be a plausible hypothesis.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
The Classic</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Did Lee Harvey Oswald act alone? It is possible that he got a job at the Texas School Book Depository, heard of the president’s motorcade, and for reasons of his own, fired an old Italian rifle three times in seven seconds, hitting Kennedy twice. He was, after all, a trained Marine. I can imagine him doing it.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There are two problems, however. The first is that Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald. Ruby is described as a nightclub owner. He actually owned a strip club and was a pimp. It is said that he was emotionally distraught over Kennedy’s death and decided to kill Oswald. Nothing in Ruby’s past indicates a deep sentimental attachment to anyone, least of all a president. It stretches plausibility.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There is a second difficult piece to this. Lee Harvey Oswald defected to the Soviet Union while he was a Marine. He met his wife Marina in the Soviet Union. Her father was killed in World War II, and she lived with her uncle who was a colonel in the MVD, the Interior Ministry’s security forces. She attended Leningrad School of Pharmacology.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Marina married Oswald just a few weeks after meeting him. They were granted exit visas from the Soviet Union and were admitted to the United States… with no court-martial for Oswald and no apparent questions about Marina. This was 1960. Nieces of MVD colonels didn’t marry American defectors and were not issued exit visas with the new hubby. Nor were they just admitted to the United States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">But in the end, Ruby could have been emotionally attached to Kennedy, and Lee and Marina might have had a magic moment, and the rest sort of happened. But since I can’t really explain either story, I can say that the lone gunman theory is plausible, and I buy it pending other data.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
Stretching Plausibility</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The story of James Earl Ray killing King by himself is much tougher. Ray was a petty criminal in and out of jail, until his fourth conviction when he was sentenced to 20 years in Missouri for stealing $120 dollars. He escaped in1967, bought a new car in Alabama, and went to Mexico. In March 1968, he underwent plastic surgery to his face in Los Angeles. He moved around the US acquiring weapons and shot King on <span class="aBn" data-term="goog_889452837" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204); position: relative; top: -2px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ" style="position: relative; top: 2px; z-index: -1;">April 4</span></span>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ray then drove to Canada where he obtained a Canadian passport a few days later. He then went to Britain. He was arrested at Heathrow while leaving the UK, when it was discovered that he had an American passport in addition to the Canadian one. He also had $10,000 in his possession.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Could Ray have been the sole shooter? Absolutely.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Could he have broken out of jail, bought a new car, gotten plastic surgery, and traveled the US and Mexico alone? No.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">He had just broken out of jail, had no money, and was a small time punk. Could he have gone to Canada and gotten a passport under a false name in days? Could an escaped convict have gotten a US passport in days? Could he have gotten $10,000?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">All of this is completely implausible. He had to have had help. Whose help? That’s tougher. The obvious help would be from white supremacists. I could postulate alternatives but haven’t a shred of evidence.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">This brings me to the problem about discreet significant event theories. Theorists move far too quickly into the implausible category. In doing so, they immediately imply that the investigation was a fraud, and the investigators were part of the cover up.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The problem is that it’s implausible in the Oswald story that so many people—from the Dallas Police Department to the Warren Commission to the judge advocates in the Marines to Soviet intelligence—could have been involved. There is no way to involve so many people and keep the story secret. If you have ever told five people something secret, you know that. The Oswald story would involve hundreds of people in several countries. Some conspiracy theories implode on their own implausibility. Vast conspiracy can’t stay secret.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">In the case of the King assassination, the utter implausibility of Ray acting alone makes the theorist try to deduce who else was involved. Sometimes it is logical. Sometimes it is an attempt to bring in someone (or some group) the theorist hates. In the case of Ray, I can say two things. First, it goes beyond plausibility that Ray did not have help. Second, the help could have come from an extraordinarily small number of people, even just one. I have no basis for naming co-conspirators. I can guess, but a guess on a matter of such importance is inappropriate.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
The New World Order</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There is then the macro-conspiracy theory that asserts the global economy and drug trade is controlled by the Rothschilds and the Queen of England (this is actually one I ran across). These theories run into the law of breadth. The more people who know of a conspiracy, the less likely it will remain a secret. A vast and complex conspiracy simply can’t be kept secret from all those needed to execute it. They will figure it out—and it will therefore become well known. The Hunt brothers once tried to corner the silver market. But the secret came out, because an action so vast couldn’t be kept a secret.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Here’s another problem with macro theories: if these actors are actually as powerful as theorists think, why would they be afraid of letting people know?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conspiracies so vast, as to control part of the world, are not compatible with fear of exposure. The conspiracy is either enormously powerful or incredibly vulnerable. It is hard to think of a scenario in which long-term conspiracy on a global scale could survive for that long and then collapse on exposure.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">This is the weakness of the theory that the American Revolution was a Masonic conspiracy. Those of the founders who were Masons were proud of it. They used Masonic symbols on our currency and so on. A powerful conspiracy doesn’t have to hide things, and therefore, it is no conspiracy.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There is then the final test of power. Someone once told me that there was a conspiracy of stunning proportions that was completely secret. I asked the person why he was still alive. Since he knew of the conspiracy and it was supposed to be a secret and those behind it were quite powerful, I figured he should be dead. But he wasn’t. So, either it wasn’t completely secret, it wasn’t very powerful, or it didn’t exist. (Or he actually was dead… but that leads to another conspiracy.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">I find both sides of the conspiracy issue wanting. First, there is no general case for conspiracies. Each must be judged on its own merits. But there are people inclined to believe that the world is as it appears as well as those who believe there is a secret world. Both are right, but the full truth is that some things are open and others are conspiracies. Distinguishing between the two is important. In general, I find macro theories implausible. There are too many people involved and too little need for secrecy, if indeed they are as powerful as they say.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The discreet, significant event is where the debate is made. The obsession to demonstrate that all assassinations, as an example, were acts by lone gunmen may be true, but there are tough hurdles in some cases. Dismissal of the difficulties derives, I think, from the psychological need to simplify the world.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">On the other side, all things that raise an eyebrow are not proof of a hidden conspiracy. The world is filled with oddities to which some people need to give deeper meaning.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The blanket dismissal of secret collaboration occurring among humans is as neurotic as the total belief of vast secret powers controlling our lives. Both are, in their own ways, candidates for tin foil hats, and each school is equally contemptuous of the other. The former tend to have more prestigious degrees than the latter, but both are equally dogmatic and impervious to reason. The world is filled with conspiracies, except for the parts that are not. And some conspiracies matter. And most don’t exist.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">George Friedman</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Editor, <em>This Week in Geopolitics</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conspiracy Theories</span></div>
<div style="color: #43a4ad; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Aug 29, 2016</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The term “conspiracy theory” has been part of our culture for a very long time. It is often justifiably followed by the word “nut.” It is also a way to stop discussion, or to embarrass others from believing what is being said. The aversion to conspiracy theories flows from a revulsion at the thought that well-known events are caused by a group of people acting in secret.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If that is true, then the common-sense understanding of why things happen is defective. And if it is defective, then those who are seen as best informed are actually mistaken. They lose their standing, and we are faced with a grim world where important events have dark and unknown causes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Those who believe in conspiracy theories think that the common explanations are defective. In their view, others fail to understand that the world doesn’t just happen. It is forged by hidden intentions. They believe that those who try to explain the world without recourse to secret agendas are either duped or part of the conspiracy.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Believing in conspiracy theories means that the world is not out of control. Instead, things are made to happen. This implies that something can be done to counter the conspirators’ actions.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There are those who believe that the price of oil fell because of a global decline in economic growth and the emergence of new technologies. In their view, nothing else is needed to explain it. There are others, though, who believe that the decline in the price of oil was deliberately engineered by some nation or powerful financial figures in order to cause harm.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">If it is the former, then we are trapped by uncontrollable market forces… but at least we understand what is going on in the world. If it is the latter, then the world is controlled by powerful forces that determine the world’s fate for their own benefit.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
Conspiracies: from Mundane to Fantastic</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">We are surrounded by conspiracies. Conspiracies are a normal part of the fabric of human life. I have worked in universities and governments and with publishers. A lot of what we do, as a matter of course, is conspiratorial.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conspiracies and conspiracy theories can be thought of in three classes. First, there is the routine. These take place in politics, business, families, and other human organizations. Second, there are significant, discreet events, such as a coup or an assassination. Finally, there is the macro-conspiracy, which is about forces controlling broader areas of life, up to and including history.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">It is the last two where the debate—if it can be called that—about conspiracies takes place.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Consider the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. Both were ascribed to a lone gunman. In evaluating whether a conspiracy was behind either, the measure must be plausibility. My rule is that the idea of the lone gunmen must at least be a plausible hypothesis.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
The Classic</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Did Lee Harvey Oswald act alone? It is possible that he got a job at the Texas School Book Depository, heard of the president’s motorcade, and for reasons of his own, fired an old Italian rifle three times in seven seconds, hitting Kennedy twice. He was, after all, a trained Marine. I can imagine him doing it.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There are two problems, however. The first is that Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald. Ruby is described as a nightclub owner. He actually owned a strip club and was a pimp. It is said that he was emotionally distraught over Kennedy’s death and decided to kill Oswald. Nothing in Ruby’s past indicates a deep sentimental attachment to anyone, least of all a president. It stretches plausibility.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There is a second difficult piece to this. Lee Harvey Oswald defected to the Soviet Union while he was a Marine. He met his wife Marina in the Soviet Union. Her father was killed in World War II, and she lived with her uncle who was a colonel in the MVD, the Interior Ministry’s security forces. She attended Leningrad School of Pharmacology.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Marina married Oswald just a few weeks after meeting him. They were granted exit visas from the Soviet Union and were admitted to the United States… with no court-martial for Oswald and no apparent questions about Marina. This was 1960. Nieces of MVD colonels didn’t marry American defectors and were not issued exit visas with the new hubby. Nor were they just admitted to the United States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">But in the end, Ruby could have been emotionally attached to Kennedy, and Lee and Marina might have had a magic moment, and the rest sort of happened. But since I can’t really explain either story, I can say that the lone gunman theory is plausible, and I buy it pending other data.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
Stretching Plausibility</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The story of James Earl Ray killing King by himself is much tougher. Ray was a petty criminal in and out of jail, until his fourth conviction when he was sentenced to 20 years in Missouri for stealing $120 dollars. He escaped in1967, bought a new car in Alabama, and went to Mexico. In March 1968, he underwent plastic surgery to his face in Los Angeles. He moved around the US acquiring weapons and shot King on <span class="aBn" data-term="goog_889452837" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204); position: relative; top: -2px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ" style="position: relative; top: 2px; z-index: -1;">April 4</span></span>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ray then drove to Canada where he obtained a Canadian passport a few days later. He then went to Britain. He was arrested at Heathrow while leaving the UK, when it was discovered that he had an American passport in addition to the Canadian one. He also had $10,000 in his possession.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Could Ray have been the sole shooter? Absolutely.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Could he have broken out of jail, bought a new car, gotten plastic surgery, and traveled the US and Mexico alone? No.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">He had just broken out of jail, had no money, and was a small time punk. Could he have gone to Canada and gotten a passport under a false name in days? Could an escaped convict have gotten a US passport in days? Could he have gotten $10,000?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">All of this is completely implausible. He had to have had help. Whose help? That’s tougher. The obvious help would be from white supremacists. I could postulate alternatives but haven’t a shred of evidence.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">This brings me to the problem about discreet significant event theories. Theorists move far too quickly into the implausible category. In doing so, they immediately imply that the investigation was a fraud, and the investigators were part of the cover up.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The problem is that it’s implausible in the Oswald story that so many people—from the Dallas Police Department to the Warren Commission to the judge advocates in the Marines to Soviet intelligence—could have been involved. There is no way to involve so many people and keep the story secret. If you have ever told five people something secret, you know that. The Oswald story would involve hundreds of people in several countries. Some conspiracy theories implode on their own implausibility. Vast conspiracy can’t stay secret.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">In the case of the King assassination, the utter implausibility of Ray acting alone makes the theorist try to deduce who else was involved. Sometimes it is logical. Sometimes it is an attempt to bring in someone (or some group) the theorist hates. In the case of Ray, I can say two things. First, it goes beyond plausibility that Ray did not have help. Second, the help could have come from an extraordinarily small number of people, even just one. I have no basis for naming co-conspirators. I can guess, but a guess on a matter of such importance is inappropriate.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
The New World Order</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There is then the macro-conspiracy theory that asserts the global economy and drug trade is controlled by the Rothschilds and the Queen of England (this is actually one I ran across). These theories run into the law of breadth. The more people who know of a conspiracy, the less likely it will remain a secret. A vast and complex conspiracy simply can’t be kept secret from all those needed to execute it. They will figure it out—and it will therefore become well known. The Hunt brothers once tried to corner the silver market. But the secret came out, because an action so vast couldn’t be kept a secret.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Here’s another problem with macro theories: if these actors are actually as powerful as theorists think, why would they be afraid of letting people know?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conspiracies so vast, as to control part of the world, are not compatible with fear of exposure. The conspiracy is either enormously powerful or incredibly vulnerable. It is hard to think of a scenario in which long-term conspiracy on a global scale could survive for that long and then collapse on exposure.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">This is the weakness of the theory that the American Revolution was a Masonic conspiracy. Those of the founders who were Masons were proud of it. They used Masonic symbols on our currency and so on. A powerful conspiracy doesn’t have to hide things, and therefore, it is no conspiracy.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There is then the final test of power. Someone once told me that there was a conspiracy of stunning proportions that was completely secret. I asked the person why he was still alive. Since he knew of the conspiracy and it was supposed to be a secret and those behind it were quite powerful, I figured he should be dead. But he wasn’t. So, either it wasn’t completely secret, it wasn’t very powerful, or it didn’t exist. (Or he actually was dead… but that leads to another conspiracy.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">I find both sides of the conspiracy issue wanting. First, there is no general case for conspiracies. Each must be judged on its own merits. But there are people inclined to believe that the world is as it appears as well as those who believe there is a secret world. Both are right, but the full truth is that some things are open and others are conspiracies. Distinguishing between the two is important. In general, I find macro theories implausible. There are too many people involved and too little need for secrecy, if indeed they are as powerful as they say.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The discreet, significant event is where the debate is made. The obsession to demonstrate that all assassinations, as an example, were acts by lone gunmen may be true, but there are tough hurdles in some cases. Dismissal of the difficulties derives, I think, from the psychological need to simplify the world.</span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">On the other side, all things that raise an eyebrow are not proof of a hidden conspiracy. The world is filled with oddities to which some people need to give deeper meaning.</span><br />
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</div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=504028929443136522" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">The blanket dismissal of secret collaboration occurring among humans is as neurotic as the total belief of vast secret powers controlling our lives. Both are, in their own ways, candidates for tin foil hats, and each school is equally contemptuous of the other. The former tend to have more prestigious degrees than the latter, but both are equally dogmatic and impervious to reason. The world is filled with conspiracies, except for the parts that are not. And some conspiracies matter. And most don’t exist.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">George Friedman</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Editor, <em>This Week in Geopolitics</em></span></td></tr>
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jpovedahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08249546701460156883noreply@blogger.com0